dadamowiki

A wikipedia of Dr. D'Adamo's research



Difference (from prior minor revision)

Changed: 7,10c7,10

< ====Description====
< In human genetics, '''Haplogroup R1a1''' (M17) is a [[Y chromosome analysis|Y-chromosome haplogroup]] that is spread across Eurasia.
< It is common in Europe, Northern Central Asia and India. In Europe the highest frequencies are in Eastern Europe. Today it is found with its highest levels in Poland and Russia, where one out of two men has this [[haplogroup]]. Relatively high frequencies are also found in Northern Europe and is believed to have been spread across Europe by the Vikings, which accounts for the existence of it in, among other places, the British Isles. [http://www.oxfordancestors.com/service-tribes.html]
< In India initial studies with limited samples and without any diversity calculation observed a correlation between the Brahmin caste and the R1a haplogroup, which is consistent with a northern migrations from Central Asia (Bamshad et al. 2001). However, another study showed this lineage forms around 35-45% among all the castes in North Indian population (Namita Mukherjee et al. 2001) thus, invalidating the association with Brahmin caste. Recent, Studies have even shown a more diverse presence in Indian tribal and lower castes (the so-called untouchables and not part of the caste system) populations, suggesting that it is not necessarily always a signature of exclusive Indo-European origin. [http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/journal/issues/v78n2/42812/42812.html]

to

> In human genetics, '''Haplogroup R1a1 (M17)''' is a [[Y chromosome analysis|Y-chromosome haplogroup]] that is spread across Eurasia.
> It is common in Europe, Northern Central Asia and India. In Europe the highest frequencies are in Eastern Europe. Today it is found with its highest levels in Poland and Russia, where one out of two men has this [[haplogroup]]. Relatively high frequencies are also found in Northern Europe and is believed to have been spread across Europe by the Vikings, which accounts for the existence of it in, among other places, the British Isles. ({{[http://www.oxfordancestors.com/service-tribes.html Oxford Ancestors website]}})
> ====Origins====
> The first carriers of the R1a1 haplotype are believed to have been nomadic farmers in the steppes of east Europe about 10,000 years ago. Current theories point to them being the first speakers of the proto-Indo-European languages (the Kurgan culture) and the first ones to domesticate the horse.

Changed: 13,14c13,21

< ====Origins====
< The first carriers of the R1a1 haplotype are believed to have been nomadic farmers in the steppes Eastern Europe about 10,000 years ago. Current theories point to them being the first speakers of the proto-Indo-European languages (the Kurgan culture) and the first ones to domesticate the horse.>>

to

> ====Europe====
> R1a1 is spread across whole of Europe, with the highest concentrations found in Eastern Europe. The two main directional components of the spread are consistent with a East to West migration as well as a radial spread from the Balkans.
The latter is believed to be a trace of the re-population of Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum. ({{Pericic M, Lauc LB, Klaric IM, et. al. ''High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations. Mol Biol Evol. 2005 Oct;22(10):1964-75. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15944443 PMID 15944443]}})
> The other two major genetic flow patters that can be seen from the R1a1 distribution are of the Slavic migrations from north eastern Europe to the Balkans as well as a distribution along the western coast of Europe and the British Isles which is believed to be connected to the Vikings.
> ====India====
> In India initial studies observed a correlation between the Brahmin caste and the R1a haplogroup, which is consistent with a northern migration from Central Asia. Also, using PCA the gradients of the distribution of the haplogroup matched a spread that originated in the north (Cavalli-Sforza et al 2001). Other studies, with limited samples and without any diversity calculations confirmed this theory (Bamshad et al. 2001). The northern migration theory is also supported by the dating of the haplogroup which is consistent with archaeological evidence. (Wells et al 2003)
> However, another study showed this lineage forms around 35-45% among all the castes in North Indian population (Namita Mukherjee et al. 2001) thus, making the association with Brahmin caste more vague. Yet another study, that found presence of R1a1 in South Indian tribals and Dravidian population groups questions the concept of its Aryan origin, ({{Saha A, Sharma S, Bhat A, Pandit A, Bamezai R. ''Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow.'' J Hum Genet. 2005;50(1):49-51. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15611834 PMID 15611834]}}) however this is refuted by the genetic context of India's northern neighbours.
> Recently it has even shown a more diverse presence in Indian tribal and lower castes (the so-called untouchables and not part of the caste system) populations, suggesting that it is not necessarily always a signature of exclusive Indo-European origin.
> As of June 2006, no statistically conclusive studies have been made in India, but what is clear is that the distribution is more complex than initially thought. The theory of northern migrations being the source of R1a1 in India is supported both by archaeological evidence and gradients of the genetic distribution as well as the dating of the haplogroup. The exclusive link to certain castes is however refuted by current the spread of the haplogroup. Another possible explanation for this is that the traditionally assumed link between migrants from north and castes is flawed.
> It is clear however that more research is needed before a a consistent theory can be formulated.

Removed: 25,28d31

< ====Discussion====
< The current distribution of the M17 haplotype is likely to represent traces of an ancient population migration originating in southern Russia/Ukraine, where M17 is found at high frequency (>50%). It is possible that the domestication of the horse in this region around 3,000 B.C. may have driven the migration. The distribution and age of M17 in Europe and Central/Southern Asia is consistent with the inferred movements of these people, who left a clear pattern of archaeological remains known as the Kurgan culture, and are thought to have spoken an early Indo-European language.
< The decrease in frequency eastward across Siberia to the Altai-Sayan mountains (represented by the Tuvinian population) and Mongolia, and southward into India, overlaps exactly with the inferred migrations of the Indo-Iranians during the period 3,000 to 1,000 B.C.. It is worth noting that the Indo-European-speaking Sourashtrans, a population from Tamil Nadu in southern India, have a much higher frequency of M17 than their Dravidian-speaking neighbors, the Yadhavas and Kallars (39% vs. 13% and 4%, respectively), adding to the evidence that M17 is a diagnostic Indo-Iranian marker. The exceptionally high frequencies of this marker in the Kyrgyz, Tajik/Khojant, and Ishkashim populations are likely to be due to drift, as these populations are less diverse, and are characterized by relatively small numbers of individuals living in isolated mountain valleys. ({{R. Spencer Wells, et al. The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 August 28; 98(18): 10244–10249.}})
< Y chromosomal studies suggest that there is a close cladistic relationship between many europeans and north indians via the M17 haplotype

Changed: 33c36

< * Sanghamitra Sengupta et al. (2006), [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?AJHG42812ABS Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists], American Journal of Human Genetics, ''78'':202-221

to

> * Sanghamitra Sengupta et al. (2006), [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?AJHG42812ABS Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists], American Journal of Human Genetics, ''78'':202-221


Archaeogenetics

See Also

  • Haplogroups
  • [Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)]?
  • Haplotype?
  • [Y chromosome analysis]?

In human genetics, Haplogroup R1a1 (M17) is a [Y chromosome analysis? Y-chromosome haplogroup] that is spread across Eurasia.

It is common in Europe, Northern Central Asia and India. In Europe the highest frequencies are in Eastern Europe. Today it is found with its highest levels in Poland and Russia, where one out of two men has this haplogroup. Relatively high frequencies are also found in Northern Europe and is believed to have been spread across Europe by the Vikings, which accounts for the existence of it in, among other places, the British Isles. (1)

Origins

The first carriers of the R1a1 haplotype are believed to have been nomadic farmers in the steppes of east Europe about 10,000 years ago. Current theories point to them being the first speakers of the proto-Indo-European languages (the Kurgan culture) and the first ones to domesticate the horse.

http://www.dadamo.com/wiki/uploads/R1a1-YDNA.jpg

Spread of haplogroup R1a. Image source

Europe

R1a1 is spread across whole of Europe, with the highest concentrations found in Eastern Europe. The two main directional components of the spread are consistent with a East to West migration as well as a radial spread from the Balkans. The latter is believed to be a trace of the re-population of Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum. (2)

The other two major genetic flow patters that can be seen from the R1a1 distribution are of the Slavic migrations from north eastern Europe to the Balkans as well as a distribution along the western coast of Europe and the British Isles which is believed to be connected to the Vikings.

India

In India initial studies observed a correlation between the Brahmin caste and the R1a haplogroup, which is consistent with a northern migration from Central Asia. Also, using PCA the gradients of the distribution of the haplogroup matched a spread that originated in the north (Cavalli-Sforza et al 2001). Other studies, with limited samples and without any diversity calculations confirmed this theory (Bamshad et al. 2001). The northern migration theory is also supported by the dating of the haplogroup which is consistent with archaeological evidence. (Wells et al 2003)

However, another study showed this lineage forms around 35-45% among all the castes in North Indian population (Namita Mukherjee et al. 2001) thus, making the association with Brahmin caste more vague. Yet another study, that found presence of R1a1 in South Indian tribals and Dravidian population groups questions the concept of its Aryan origin, (3) however this is refuted by the genetic context of India's northern neighbours.

Recently it has even shown a more diverse presence in Indian tribal and lower castes (the so-called untouchables and not part of the caste system) populations, suggesting that it is not necessarily always a signature of exclusive Indo-European origin.

As of June 2006, no statistically conclusive studies have been made in India, but what is clear is that the distribution is more complex than initially thought. The theory of northern migrations being the source of R1a1 in India is supported both by archaeological evidence and gradients of the genetic distribution as well as the dating of the haplogroup. The exclusive link to certain castes is however refuted by current the spread of the haplogroup. Another possible explanation for this is that the traditionally assumed link between migrants from north and castes is flawed.

It is clear however that more research is needed before a a consistent theory can be formulated.

Relationship to other haplogroups

R1a1 is a subgroup of [Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)? Haplogroup R] (M207).

It is related to [Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)? Haplogroup R1b] (M343) which is dominant in Western Europe, and more distantly related to [Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)? Haplogroup R2] (M124).

  • [Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)? Haplogroup R] (M207)
    • Haplogroup R1 (M173)
      • Haplogroup R1a (SRY10831.2-)
        • Haplogroup R1a1 (M17)
        • Haplogroup R1a*
      • [Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)? Haplogroup R1b] (M343)
    • [Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)? Haplogroup R2] (M124)

References

External links


1. Oxford Ancestors website

2. Pericic M, Lauc LB, Klaric IM, et. al. High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations. Mol Biol Evol. 2005 Oct;22(10):1964-75. PMID 15944443

3. Saha A, Sharma S, Bhat A, Pandit A, Bamezai R. Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow. J Hum Genet. 2005;50(1):49-51. PMID 15611834

SPOTLIGHT

COMPLETE BLOOD TYPE ENCYCLOPEDIA


The Complete Blood Type Encyclopedia is the essential desk reference for Dr. D'Adamo's work. This is the first book to draw on the thousands of medical studies proving the connection between blood type and disease.

Click to learn more

Click the Play button to hear to Dr. Peter J. D'Adamo discuss .



The statements made on our websites have not been evaluated by the FDA (U.S. Food & Drug Administration).
Our products and services are not intended to diagnose, cure or prevent any disease. If a condition persists, please contact your physician.
Copyright © 2015-2023, Hoop-A-Joop, LLC, Inc. All Rights Reserved.     Log In