Anthropometry?
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- Anthropometric tools
- Biometrics and biostatistics
- Cephalic Index and Physical Anthropology
- Dermatoglyphics
- Ectomorphic
- Endomorphic
- Genetic and environmental influences on somatotype components
- Harold Cummins
- Mesomorphic
- Subtle bilateral variation
Archaeogenetics
Archaeogenetics refers to the application of the techniques of molecular population genetics to the study of the human past. The topic has its origins in the study of human blood groups and the realisation that this classical genetic marker provides information about linguistic and ethnic groupings. Early work in this field included that of Ludwik and Hanka Hirszfeld, William Boyd and [A.E. Mourant? Arthur Mourant]. From the 1960s onwards, Luca Cavalli-Sforza used classical genetic markers to examine the prehistoric population of Europe, culminating in the publication of The History and Geography of Human Genes in 1994.
- Carleton S. Coon
- Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup B (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup B (mtDNA)
- Haplogroup C (mtDNA)
- Haplogroup E3a (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E3b (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup H (mtDNA)
- Haplogroup JT (mtDNA)
- Haplogroup J (mtDNA)
- Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup N (mtDNA)
- Haplogroup O3 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup R1a1 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup R (mtDNA)
- Haplogroup T (mtDNA)
- Haplogroup W (mtDNA)
- Haplogroup Z (mtDNA)
- Haplogroups
- Map of human migrations by haplogroup
- Mitochrondrial DNA Haplogroups
- Teleology
Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of life, a bridge between biology and chemistry that studies how complex chemical reactions give rise to life. It is a hybrid branch of chemistry which specialises in the chemical processes in living organisms.
- Alanine
- Amine
- Argininosuccinate synthase
- Aspartic acid
- Biogenic amine
- Catecholamines
- Co Enzyme A
- Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
- Cysteine metabolism
- Cystine
- Dimer
- Factor VIII
- G-protein-coupled receptors
- Indole
- Ligand
- Lysine
- N-acetyl muramic acid
- Nitric Oxide
- Ornithine decarboxylase
- Oxidative stress
- Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
- Receptor
- Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- Spermidine
- Spermine
- Toxin
- Valine
- Von Willebrand factor (vWF)
- Zeta-potential
Concepts?
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- Bimodal distribution
- Cladistics
- Eigenvalue, eigenvector and eigenspace
- Evidence-based medicine
- Holism
- Principal components analysis (PCA)
- Recapitulation theory
- Scientific reductionism
- Spandrel
- Uniformitarianism
Genomics
Genomics is the study of an organism's genome and the use of the genes. It deals with the systematic use of genome information, associated with other data, to provide answers in biology, medicine, and industry.
Genomics has the potential of offering new therapeutic methods for the treatment of some diseases, as well as new diagnostic methods. Other applications are in the food and agriculture sectors. The major tools and methods related to genomics are bioinformatics, genetic analysis, measurement of gene expression, and determination of gene function.
- A.W.F. Edwards
- Allele
- Amorph
- Base pair
- Copy number polymorphisms
- DNA methyltransferase
- DRD2 (Dopamine Receptor D2) Gene
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- Dicer
- Exon
- FOX proteins
- Five prime untranslated region (5' UTR)
- Founder effect
- Gene-environment interaction
- Genetic polymorphisms in dietary xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes
- Genetics, Resources
- Genome
- Guanine
- Hardy-Weinberg Principle
- Histone
- Histone deacetylases (HDAC)
- Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (Lamarckism)
- Maternal effect
- Mitochondrial DNA
- Mitochondrial genetics
- Neutral theory of molecular evolution
- Nucleotide
- Open reading frame
- Phenotype
- Phenotypic plasticity
- Pleiotropy
- Ploidy
- Pyrimidine
- Quantitative trait locus analysis
- RNA (ribonucleic acid)
- RNA Interference (RNAi)
- STAT3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (acute-phase response factor)
- STAT Protein
- Translation (RNA translation)
- Ubiquitin
- Uracil
- Wiener Theory of Rhesus Inheritance
Glycomics
Glycomics, or glycobiology? is a discipline of biology that deals with the structure and function of [Oligosaccharide? oligosaccharides] (chains of sugars). The term glycomics is derived from the chemical prefix for sweetness or a sugar, "glyco-", and was formed to follow the naming convention established by genomics (which deals with [Gene? genes]) and proteomics? (which deals with proteins). The identity of the entirety of carbohydrates in an organism is thus collectively referred to as the glycome?.
- Aberrent glycosylation in malignant and pre-malignant states
- Albert Neuberger
- Amino Sugar
- Carbohydrate
- Flavonoid glycosides
- Forssman antigen
- Fucoidan
- Glucuronic acid
- Glycoconjugates
- Glycoproteins
- Glycosphingolipid
- MUC1 Mucin
- Mannose
- N-acetylglucosamine
- O-linked glycosylation
- Proteoglycan
- Sialogens
- Sialyltransferases
- Thrombospondins
Immunology?
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- Allergens, Dietary
- Allergy
- Anoikia
- Antigen, ABH
- Aquired B Phenotype
- Cell mediated immunity
- Complement System
- Erythrocyte
- Hapten
- Histamine
- Horror autotoxicus
- Humoral Immunity
- Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs)
- Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
- Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
- Interleukin-5 (IL-5)
- Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
- Interleukin-7 (IL-7)
- Kupffer cell
- Mitogen
- Mucosal Immune Response
- Myeloperoxidase
- Natural Killer (NK) Cells
- Neuraminic acid
- Neuraminidase
- Opsonization
- Paul Ehrlich
- Peptidoglycan
- Platelets
- Reticuloendothelial system
- Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
- Type 1 hypersensitivity
Lectinology?
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- Agglutinate
- Boyd's Report of Lectin Specificity
- Dietary lectins can induce in vitro release of IL-4 and IL-13 from human basophils
- Galectins
- Joseph Charles Aub
- Nathan Sharon
- Ricin
- Siglecs
- William Boyd
Linguistics?
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- FOXP2 (forkhead box P2)
- Indo-European languages
- Joseph H. Greenberg
- Main groups of languages spoken in Africa
- Mass lexical comparison
Lipidomics
Lipidomics is the large-scale study of non-water-soluble metabolites (lipids). Key technologies used in lipidomics research include electrospray ionization, mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Lipids represent key signaling molecules which control, or are (bio)-markers of, physiological and disease processes. They are also key structural components of cellular membranes. Lipidomics is thus a subset of metabolomics that aims to detect and quantify all lipid species within a biological sample
Nutrigenomics
Nutrigenomics (nutritional genomics) is the application of the sciences of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics to human nutrition, especially the relationship between nutrition and health. Nutrition and health research is focussed on the prevention of disease by optimising and maintaining cellular, tissue, organ and whole-body homeostasis. Nutrigenomics is associated with the issue of personalized nutrition, since claims are being made that differences in genotype? should result in differences in the diet and health relationship.
- Calcium binding atopy related auto-antigen 1 (CBARA1)
- FUT3
- Institute for Human Individuality
- Leptin (LEP, obesity homolog)
- MC1R melanocortin 1 receptor (alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor)
- Roger Williams
- Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1, mitochondrial, proton carrier)
Paleoserology
A branch of anthropology that is concerned with the characteristics of ancient environments and with their relationships to immunologic and hematologic function. The anthropological uses of the serological discoveries began as an effort to find a more scientific definition of race based on differing distribution of blood types. By 1940 and after several hundred studies that tested over a million subjects, researchers failed in achieving this goal. The data produced, how ever, were largely the basis for the development of human population genetics in the late 1930s and 1940s which redefined humans into gene pools instead of races.
- AB Isogenes
- Asimov, Isaac
- Average linkage tree (classical methods)
- Blood Groups and Anthropology
- Boyd and Asimov's classification of the major clines by blood type
- Clines
- Distribution of ABO Blood Groups
- Distribution of M and N blood groups
- Hirszfeld and Hirszfeld, 1919
- Human blood groups and anthropology
- Impressions of racial differences influenced by ancillary factors
- Ludwik Hirszfeld
- Luigi Cavalli-Sforza
- Natural Selection in Man, The ABO(H) Blood Group System
- Pestilence, diet, natural selection, and the distribution of microbial and human blood group antigens and antibodies
Pathology
The scientific study of the nature of disease and its causes, processes, development, and consequences. Also called pathobiology. The anatomic or functional manifestations of a disease: the pathology of cancer.
- 'A-Like' tumor antigens
- Allergy, ABO Blood Group and Secretor Status
- Cancer and ABO blood groups
- Carcinogen
- Celiac Disease (Sprue), ABO and Secretor Blood Types
- Diathesis-stress model
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
- Grave's Disease and secretor status
- Helicobacter pylori infection, ABO and secretor blood groups
- Influenza, ABO, MN and other polymorphisms
- Longevity
- Otitis (ear) infection and ABO blood groups
- Otitis media (ear infection) and ABO Blood Groups
- Peripheral artery disease and ABO Blood Groups
- Rhesus Blood Group and Hearing Loss
- Shigella Infection and ABO Blood Groups
- Sialic acid and sialyltransferase dysfunction in breast cancer
Pharmacology
Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and logos (λόγος) meaning science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition and properties, interactions, toxicology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities.
- Anti-adhesion therapy
- Arabinoglactan
- Carnosine
- Fucus vesiculosis (Bladderwrack)
- Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by natural products
- Soyasaponins
Physiology
Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms.
- Alpha 1-antitrypsin (A1AT)
- Cytochrome P450 oxidase
- Endocytosis
- Endothelin
- Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
- Homeostasis
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)
- Microvilli
- Mucosa
- Pepsin
- Serine proteases
- Serpins
- Signal transduction
Polymorphism
The occurrence of different forms, stages, or types in individual organisms or in organisms of the same species, independent of sexual variations. Polymorphism literally means 'having many forms.'
- 19q13.3
- ABH antigens and cell differentiation
- Blood Group Antigens as a Self-Declaration Mechanism
- Blood Groups of Offspring Possible or Impossible from any Mating Combination
- Duffy blood group system
- E. Coli Infection and ABO Blood Groups
- Gc plasma system
- H-h blood group system
- Hemorheology and ABO blood groups
- Kell Blood Group
- Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism
- Mid digital hair
- P (P1, P2) Blood Group
- Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) polymorphism
- Rheology
- Serum gastrin concentrations and ABO blood group
- Serum pepsinogen levels and ABO blood groups
- Sialyl Lewis X (SLeX)
- The malate dehydrogenase system
- The red-cell acid phosphatase system
- Thymidylate synthase (TS) polymorphism
- Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene
References
These are the individual scientific abstracts and references that are included within the specific pertinent topics.
- Association analysis of common variants of STAT6, GATA3, and STAT4 to asthma and high serum IgE phenotypes.
- Association between secretor status and respiratory viral illness
- Associations between atopic diseases and the polymorphic systems ABO, Kidd, Inv and red cell acid phosphatase
- Blood groups and diabetes mellitus. A possible tool in the analysis of the hereditary background of diabetes mellitus
- Carbohydrate antigens sialyl Lewis A and sialyl Lewis X and adhesion of human cancer cells to vascular endothelium
- Carbohydrates in protein. The carbohydrate component of crystalline egg albumin
- Changes in cell surface antigen expressions during proliferation and differentiation of human erythroid progenitors
- Dietary antioxidants and paraoxonases against LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis development
- Effect of herbal melanin on IL-8. A possible role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)
- Effect of photo-oxidation on isohemagglutinating antibodies
- Essential difference between the two optimum proportions flocculation ratios
- Fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP-2) polymorphism, obesity and insulin resistance
- Genetic polymorphism of interleukin-8 (IL-8) is associated with Helicobacter pylori-induced duodenal ulcer
- History of lectins, from hemagglutinins to biological recognition molecules
- Human genetic affinities for Y-chromosome P49a,f.TaqI haplotypes show strong correspondence with linguistics
- Inhibitory activity of blood group antigens M and N in inhibition of virus influenza hemagglutination
- Lectins in the United States Diet
- On the mechanism of specific precipitation
- Reactions of normal and tumor cell surfaces to enzymes, I. wheat-germ lipase and associated mucopolysaccharides
- Separation of Individuals of Any Blood Group into Secretors and Non-Secretors by Use of a Plant Agglutinin (Lectin)
- Specificity of isoagglutinin response following injection of group substances into group O individuals
- The composition of specific precipitates in the region of antigen excess
- The effects of high pressure on hemagglutinating antibodies
- The inhibitory effect of quercetin on IL-6 production by LPS-stimulated neutrophils
- The role of adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis
- Trp64Arg polymorphism, body composition, insulin resistance and bioimpedance (BIA)
Serology
Serology is a medical blood test to detect the presence of antibodies, such as antibodies produced against the envelope antigen of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). A serology may be performed when an infection is suspected. There are several serology techniques that can be used depending on the suspected antibodies. Serology techniques include agglutination, precipitation, complement-fixation and fluorescent antibodies..
- ABO bias in natural immunity
- Alexander Wiener
- Alexandre Mikhailovich Besredka
- Alternate Complement Pathway
- Antibody
- Antibody afinity and avidity
- Flocculation
- Gruber-Durham reaction
- Immunoglobulin E
- Immunoglobulin M
- Karl Landsteiner
- Neo-Springerism
- Optimum Proportions Determination (Flocculation Optima)
- Robert Russell Race and Ruth Sanger
- Thomsen-Friedenreich (T-Tn) antigen