LECSTER
| /../ | Quail | Soluble extracts of quail intestine scrapings contain a lectin activity specific for chicken and rabbit trypsinized, glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes. |
| /../ | Pig, Hog | PHL is a vertebrate S-type lectin. |
| /../ | Sheep, goat and buffalo | |
| /../ | Mammals | The nerve cell aggregation-promoting activity of the purified lectin is 300-fold that of the crude extracts. |
| Aaptos papillata | Sponge | |
| Abelmoschus esculentus | Okra | |
| Abramis brana | Brem | |
| Abrus precatorius | Jequirity bean; | The Jequirity, also called Black-eyed Susan, Rosary Pea or Indian Licorice (Abrus precatorius), is a legume with long, pinnate-leafleted leaves. Their seeds are often used as beads and in percussion instruments. The seed is highly poisonous but is unlikely to harm if swallowed raw and unbroken, as they have a hard seed coat. The toxin present in abrus precatorius is a close relative to ricin called abrin. It is a dimer consisting of two protein subunits, termed A and B. The B chain is abrin's ticket into the cell: it bonds to certain transport proteins on cell membranes, which then transport the toxin into the cell. Once inside the cell, the A prevents protein synthesis by inactivating the 26S subunit of the ribosome. One molecule of abrin will inactivate up to 1,500 ribosomes per second. Symptoms are identical to those of ricin, except that the fatal dose of ricin is approximately 75 times greater than the fatal dose of abrin. Abrin can kill with a circulating amount of less than 3 μg (micrograms). The seeds of abrus precatorius are much valued in native jewelry for their bright coloration. The third of the bean with the hilum (attachment scar) is black, while the rest is bright red, suggesting a ladybug. Jewelry-making with jequirity seeds is dangerous, and there have been cases of death by a finger-prick while boring the seeds for beadwork. |
| Achatina fulica | Achantina snail | As a probe for detection of subtle changes on the cell surface induced during acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its clinical application. See: Ind J Biochem Biophys 1997;34:82; |
| Actinomyces viscosus | ||
| Adenia digitata | Modecca flower | Lectin is a potent cell toxin similar to abrin or ricin. |
| Adenia volksensii | Kilyambiti | Lectin is a potent cell toxin similar to abrin or ricin. |
| Aegilops geniculata | Also identified in A. ligustica, A. markgrafii, A. neglecta, A. peregrina. The lectin in Aegilops geniculata is virtually identical to WGA. See: Planta 1983 (159); 105-111 | |
| Aegopodium podagraria | Ground elder | The lectin is very abundant in the rhizomes where it represents up to 50% of the protein content. |
| Aeromonas salmonicida | ||
| Afzelia africana | ||
| Agardhiella tenera | ||
| Agaricales | ||
| Agaricus bisporus | Domestic mushroom | All lectins were found to have quite similar carbohydrate -binding specificities. See: Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 1985 Mar;366(3):213-21. Lectins from Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris stimulate insulin and glucagon release from isolated rat islets in the presence of 2 mM glucose. In the case of insulin release, maximal stimulation was observed at lectin concentrations above 58 mug. per milliliter (approximately 1 muM). See: Diabetes 1975 Aug;24(8):705-14 For sharacterization of the cell surface receptor for the Agaricus bisporus hemagglutinin, see: J Biol Chem. 1972 Nov 10;247(21):6937-45 |
| Agaricus blazei | ||
| Agaricus campestris | Meadow mushroom | Lectins from Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris stimulate insulin and glucagon release from isolated rat islets in the presence of 2 mM glucose. In the case of insulin release, maximal stimulation was observed at lectin concentrations above 58 mug. per milliliter (approximately 1 muM). See also:J Endocrinol 1998 May;157(2):259-66 |
| Agaricus edulis | Mushroom | Two lectins from the mushroom Agaricus edulis were isolated |
| Agrobacterium radiobacter | Bacteria | Agrobacterium Tumefaciens Lectin is inhibited by fucoidin and polysaccharides isolated from poplar leaves (Glycobiology 1991 Dec;1(6):643-9) |
| Agrocybe aegerita | Mushroom | |
| Agropyrum repens | Couch grass | It has been shown that the lectin content of couch grass leaves varies enormously during the seasons. |
| Aleuria aurantia | Orange peel mushroom | |
| Allium ascalonicum | Shallot | AAA also reacted strongly with the highly branched yeast mannan obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The lectin occurs as a natural mix of isolectins. Pure preparations of shallot lectin strongly inhibit MT-4 cells by HIV-1 and HIV-2 in vitro. See: Plant Mol. Biol. 1993 (23): 365-376 |
| Allium cepa | Onion | |
| Allium moly | Dwarf flowering onions | |
| Allium porrum | Leek | High lectin concentrations have been found in the nectar of leek flowers. Pure preparations of shallot lectin strongly inhibit MT-4 cells by HIV-1 and HIV-2 in vitro. Of all the Alliaceaenlectins tested, leek lectin proved to be the most effective HIV inhibitor. See: Planta 1997 (201): 298-302 |
| Allium sativum | Garlic | Human antiserum contains natural antibodies to the mannose-specific lectins from garlic bulbs. |
| Allium ursinum | Ramsons | |
| Allium vineale | Crow garlic | The lectin in not glycosylated and occurs as a mixture of isolectins. |
| Allomyrina dichotoma | Beetle | |
| Alocasia indica | ||
| Aloe arborescens | Narrow-leaved sword aloe | Aloctin A forms a precipitate with alpha 2 macroglobulin and activates complement C3. See:Phytotherapy Res. 1993 (7): S14-S19. Aloctin A shows anti-tumor activity, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects and inhibits gastric secretions and gastric lesions. See: Phytotherapy Res. 1993 (7): S14-S19. |
| Amaranthus caudatus | Tassel flower, inca wheat | Amaranthin is a highly specific tool probe for the T and cryptic T antigens. See: J. Biolog. Chem. 1989 (264); 16 123-16 131 Amaranthin is used as a histochemical probe for proliferating cells in human colonic tissue. See Biochemistry 1992 (31); 4308-4313 Amaranthin represents about 3.7% of the PBS extractable protein in seed meal. See: See: J. Biolog. Chem. 1989 (264); 16 123-16 131 A lectin with similar T-antigen binding specificity is present in Artocarpus integrifolia seeds. |
| Amaranthus cruentus | Red amaranth, purple amaranth | The lectin is immunologically identical to the lectin from A. caudatus. The lectin is known to resist in vivo proteolysis and to affect the gastrointestinal mucosa of rats. See: Lect. Biol. Biochem. Clin. Biochem. 1988 (6) 125-132 |
| Amaranthus hypochondriacus | Amaranth | Amaranthin recognizes T- (cryptic T) antigen. See: J Biol Chem 1989 Sep 25;264(27):16123-31 |
| Amaranthus leucocarpus | Prince's feather | The lectin is serologically related to the A. caudatus lectin. |
| Amaranthus spinosus | Thorny pigweed, spiny amaranth | |
| Amphicarpaea bracteata | Hog peanut | |
| Anadara granosa | Marine clam | Unlike other reported heparin-binding lectins, Anadarin MS exhibits a unique and strict specificity for iduronic acid containing glycosaminoglycans. |
| Anguilla anguilla | Fresh water eel | In immunohistochemical studies, the reactivity of AAA and UEA-I in normal pyloric mucosa from individuals with known Lewis and secretor status was analysed. AAA showed a broad reaction in the superficial pyloric mucosa from secretors and non-secretors, but AAA reactivity was more pronounced in Le(a+b-) individuals. On the other hand, UEA-I stained the superficial pyloric mucosa only from secretor individuals. |
| Anthocidaris crassispina Ovum | Sea urchin eggs | The lectin exists as a disulfide-linked homodimer of two subunits; the dimeric form is essential for hemagglutination activity. However, the monomeric form obtained by partial reduction retains the carbohydrate binding capacity. |
| Anthocidaris crassispina | Sea urchin | A novel lectin with no homology with other proteins was also found in sea urchin (Anthocidaris crassispina) eggs. |
| Apium graveolens | Celery | |
| Aplysia dactylomela | Sea hare shrimp | |
| Aplysia depilans | Sea Slug | |
| Aplysina archeria | Tropical sponge | Extracts from the three species studied from genus Aplysina (archeri, lawnosa, and cauliformis) were highly reactive and panagglutinating against the panel of red blood cells tested. |
| Arachis hypogea | Peanut | Most people carry natural antibodies to PNA, although they do not interfere with its agglutinating properties. See: FEBS Lett 1996 Nov 18;397(2-3):139-42 A glucose-specific lectin has been purified to apparent homogeneity from 7-day-old peanut (Arachis hypogaea) roots. See: Biochim Biophys Acta 1992 Sep 15;1117(2):114-9 For a discussion of possible role of lectin in atherogenicity of peanut oil, see: Lipids 1998 Aug;33(8):821-3 The lectin is widely used for the identification and separation of lymphocyte subpopulations in bone marrow transplantation and is a powerful tool in immunology. See: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 1979 (76); 447-451 |
| Araucaria brasiliensis | Pinhao | |
| Arion empiricorum | Eel | |
| Arisaema consanguineum | Lectin is similar to that found in Arum maculatum, Alocasia indica, Sauromatum guttatum and Gonatanthus pumilus. See: Phytochemistry 1995 (40): 449-493 | |
| Arisaema curvatum | Lectin is similar to that found in Arum maculatum, Alocasia indica, Sauromatum guttatum and Gonatanthus pumilus. See: Phytochemistry 1995 (40): 449-493 | |
| Arthrobotrys oligospora | Nematode-trapping fungus | For similarities to Agaricus bisporus, see: Eur J Biochem 1996 Jun 15;238(3):830-7 |
| Artocarpus hirsuta | ||
| Artocarpus incisa | ||
| Artocarpus integrifolia | Jackfruit | Jacalin is a lectin composed of four subunits, two of approximately 10,000 daltons and two of 16,000 daltons each. This 50,000 dalton glycoprotein appears to bind only O-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides, preferring the structure galactosyl (b-1,3) N-acetylgalactosamine. This structure (the Thomsen Friedenreich antigen) is the oligosaccharide to which peanut agglutinin binds. However, unlike PNA, Jacalin will bind this structure even in a mono- or disialylated form. This lectin has been used to purify human IgA, since no other human immunoglobulin class binds Jacalin (references available upon request). The specificity of this lectin also affords the opportunity to localize or isolate glycoproteins with O-glycosidically linked oligosaccharide side chains. For discussion of human IgA and IgD binding by jacalin, see: Mol Immunol 1987 May;24(5):503-11 A lectin with similar subunit composition and immunological properties was found in the seeds of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis). The species A. champeden, A. integer, and A. tonkinensis were found to contain similar lectins. See: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1993 (1156); 219-222 Although both Artocarpus and Arachis lectin are highly specific for tumor associeted T antigenic disaccharide, there are subtle differences in the binding sites of the Artocaprus lectin and the Arachis lectin. See: J. Biolog. Chem. 1986 (261); 11 726- 11 733 A fast growing tree which can produce fruits within 3 years of planting. The fruits are borne on the main trunk and older branches. The jackfruit are the largest of all cultivated fruits. A well-ripe fruit emits a very pleasant smell, has a sweet taste and the flesh is waxy and golden-yellow in colour. Juicy Fruit Gum was fashioned after the flavor of Jack Fruit. There are more than 100 seeds per fruit. Jackfruit is one of the most popular fruits in Kampuchea where they use green young Jackfruit to cook with curry and other soups. The seeds are as big as quail egg, which are often boiled, fried or roasted with salt. Major lectin in the seeds and pulp is Jacalin. Jacalin binds IgA and Thomsen Friedenreich. Its TF binding inhibits several glycoproteins elaborated by endometrial tissue undergoing disease processes. JAC produced dose-dependent and non-cytotoxic inhibition of proliferation in human colon cancer cells. (J Cell Physiol 2001 Feb;186(2):282-7) Jacalin has insecticidal activity against Southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata) and potato leafhopper. See: J. Econ. Entomol. 1990 (83); 2480-2485 |
| Artocarpus lakoocha | Monkey Fruit | |
| Arum maculatum | Lords and ladies | Interestingly, these lectins are the most prominent proteins in the tuber tissue. Lectins with similar properties were isolated from the Araceae species Colocasia esculenta, Xanthostoma sagittifolium and Diffenbachia sequina. Lectin activity has also been reported in the Araceae species Alocasia, Armorphophallus, Ariseama, Gonatanthus, Pothos, Remusatia, Richardia, Sauromatum and Scindapsus. See: Lectins Biol. Bichem. Clin. Biochem. 1990 (7); 19-26 |
| Ascaris lumbricoides | Parasitic worm | |
| Asparagus officinalis | Asparagus | |
| Bacillus polymyxa | Bacteria | |
| Bacterioides fragilis | ||
| Bandeiraea simplicifolia | Bandeiraea simplicifolia | |
| Basidiomycotina | ||
| Bauhinia purpurea | Camels's foot tree | Siliar lectins were found in Bauhinia violacea and other Bauhinia species. |
| Bauhinia tomentosa | ||
| Beauveria bassiana | Stationary growing enthomopathogenic fungus | |
| Beta vulgaris | Beet | Same biological properties as Lycopersicon Esculentum Agglutinin. |
| Beta vulgaris | Swiss chard | |
| Biomphalaria glabrata | ||
| Biomphalaria glabrata | Snail | |
| Birgus latro | ||
| Blaberus discoidalis | Cockroach | |
| Bordetella pertussis | ||
| Bos taurus | Cow | |
| Bos taurus | ||
| Bos taurus | ||
| Botryllus schlosseri | Ascidian | The lectin is an opsonin, as it increases both the phagocytic index and the number of phagocytized yeast cells. It is though tot probably be a galectin. See: Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1999 May;123(1):115-23 |
| Botrytis cinerea | ||
| Bowringia milbraedii | West african legume | The lectin has a specificity for endoplasmic reticulum glycoproteins. See: See: J. Bio. Chem. 1989 (264); 4657-4663 The lecti shows high sequence homology with the mannose/glucose binding lectins of Sophora japonica and Cladrastis lutea. See: Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta 1993 (1202); 38-46 |
| Brachypodium sylvaticum | False broome grass | Although this lectin resembles cereal lectins with respect to its biochemical and physicochemical properties, it differs structurally in several aspects from wheat-germ-agglutinin-like lectins. See: Biochem J 1982 Sep 1;205(3):635-8 |
| Bradyrhizobium japonicum | Bradyrhizobium Japonicum Lectin can exquisitely distinguish galactose from its derivatives at the C-2 position. | |
| Branchiostoma lanceolatum | Cephalochordate | Haemagglutination inhibition experiments with 17 saccharides and glycoproteins failed to show clear-cut carbohydrate specificity, with only mucin and fetuin having any inhibitory effect, so that the binding may be complex. See: Dev Comp Immunol 1990 Fall;14(4):405-14 |
| Brassica campetsris | Turnip | |
| Brassica napobrassica | Rutabaga | |
| Brassica napus | ||
| Bryonia dioica | White bryony | Bryonia lectin is structurally related to the lectins from Momordica charantia and Marah macrocarpus. See: Phytochemistry 1987 (26); 909-912 |
| Bufo arenarum | Toad | Bufo Arenarum lectin is a 14.5 KDa homodimer showing the pea-lectin fold. The 22 strand beta sheet sandwich structure of the dimer have two carbohydrate binding regions placed in opposite ends. |
| Butea frondosa | ||
| Butea monosperma or frondosa | Bastard teak | Lectin activity was also reported in Butea bojapatra. See: Lect. Biol.Biochem. Clin. Biochem. 1985 (4) 547-557 |
| Cajanus cajan | Pigeon pea, yellow dahl, red gram | |
| Calliphora vomitoria | Blowfly larvae | |
| Calystegia sepium | Hedge bindweed | Although the lectin strongly reacts with mannose and especially alpha-D-mannopyranoside, the Calystegia lectin is not related to the monocot mannose-binding lectins. See: Glycoconj J 1997 Feb;14 (2):259-65 |
| Canavalia brasiliensis | ConBr exerts different biological effects than concanavalin A, the lectin of Canavalia ensiformis seeds, regarding induction of rat paw edema, peritoneal macrophage spreading in mouse, and in vitro human lymphocyte stimulation. | |
| Canavalia ensiformis | Jack bean | |
| Canavalia gladiata | Japanese jack bean | |
| Cancer antennarius | Crab | |
| Candida albican adhesin | Candida albicans GDH 2346 produces extracellular polymeric material (EP) which contains a mannoprotein adhesin with a lectin-like affinity for fucose-containing glycosides. | |
| Canna generalis | ||
| Cannabis sativa | Marijuana | A lectin was found in the pollen of Cannabis sativa L. which reacted with papain treated erythrocytes. The lectin has an affinity for glucose containing receptor sites. |
| Capnocytophaga gingivalis Actinomyces Israelii Coaggregation agglutinin | ||
| Capsicum annum | Sweet peppers | |
| Caragana arborescens | Siberian pea tree | |
| Carcharhinus springeri | Reef shark | The shark protein was 45% identical to human tetranectin, indicating that it was in the family of mammalian C-type lectins and that it was likely to be a shark analog of human tetranectin. |
| Carcinoscorpious rotundacauda | Horsehoe crab | For further characterization, see: Arch Biochem Biophys 1981 Jun;209(1):325-33 |
| Carica papya | Papaya | |
| Carum carvia | Caraway seeds | |
| Carybdea alata Hemolysin | Hawaiian box jellyfish | |
| Castanea crenata | Japanese chestnut | Some properties of CCA are similar to mannose/glucose-specific legume lectins. |
| Cepaea hortensis | Snail | CHA-I is a useful tool for detecting O-glycosidically linked sialic acids in formalin-fixed tissues, and a potentially powerful tool for the isolation and characterization of unknown sialomucins in normal and eventually in diseased tissues. |
| Channa punctatus | Fish | |
| Chelidonium majus | Greater celandine | |
| Chicorium intybus | Chickory | |
| Cholla opuntia | Cactus | |
| Cicer arietinum | Chick pea | |
| Cinachyrella alloclada | Marine sponge | Human serum apparently contains substances which bind or inactivate this lectin. |
| Cinnamonum camphora | Camphor tree | |
| Citrullus vulgaris | Watermelon | |
| Citrus aurantium | Orange | |
| Citrus aurantium | Lemon | |
| Citrus medica | Grapefruit | |
| Cladrastis lutea | Yellow wood | |
| Clerodendron trichotomum | ||
| Clitocyba nebularis | Mushroom | |
| Clivia miniata | ||
| Clostridium botulinum | ||
| Clostridium tetani | ||
| Clupea harengus | Atlantic herring | The antifreeze protein of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus) is homologous to the C-type lectins. Like these lectins, antifreeze proteins recognize non-self but their particular targets are ice crystals instead of pathogens and their role is to stop ice crystal growth. |
| Coccinia grandis | Ivy gourd | |
| Cocus nucifera | Coconut | |
| Codium fragilis | Green marine algae | |
| Cofea arabica | Coffee | |
| Colchicum autumnale | Meadow saffron | |
| Collybia velutipes | Mushroom | |
| Colocasia esculentum | Taro | |
| Conger myriaster | Conger eel | Electrofocusing suggested that the purified lectin was composed of several isolectins. Congerin I is a S-lectin, very similar to Human galectin III |
| Conidiobolus obscurus | Entomopathogenic fungus | The role of these exocellular lectins is related to the adhesion of the fungal spores to their host insect and the pathogenicity of the fungus. |
| Coprinus cinereus | Basidiomycete | It was observed that two fungal galectins, Cgl1 and Cgl2, are differentially regulated during fruiting body formation. cgl2 expression initiated in early stages of fruiting body development (hyphal knot formation) and was maintained until maturation of the fruiting body, whereas cgl1 was specifically expressed in primordia and mature fruiting bodies. Immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy studies detected galectins within specific fruiting body tissues. |
| Corbicula fluminea Hemolysin | Asiatic Clam | |
| Corylus avellania | Hazelnut | |
| Cratylia mollis | Specific binding patterns to normal and transformed mammary tissues were evaluated by Isoform 1 from Cratylia mollis lectin (Cra Iso 1). Protocols using a direct method, incubation of Cra Iso I conjugated to peroxidase (Cra Iso 1-Per) with mammary tissues, followed by diaminobenzidine and hydrogen peroxidase interaction, were performed. Neoplastic tissues, marked by Cra Iso 1, showed a higher intensity of staining than normal ones, in comparison with Canavalia ensiformis lectin, Concanavalin A (Con A), conjugated to peroxidase (Con A-Per). The assay with Cra Iso 1 also indicated a possible utilization of this lectin to characterize normal and transformed mammary cells. | |
| Crenomytilus grayanus | Sea mussel | |
| Crocus sativum | Crocus | |
| Crocus vernus | ||
| Crotalaria striata | Striped crotalaria | |
| Crotolaria aegyptica | ||
| Crotolaria falcata | ||
| Crotolaria juncea | Sunn hemp | |
| Croton tiglium | Croton | |
| Cucumaria echinata | Marine invertebrate | The hemolytic lectin, CEL-III, is a Ca2+-dependent, galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific lectin purified from the marine invertebrate, Cucumaria echinata (Holothuroidea). |
| Cucumis catalupensis | Canteloupe | |
| Cucumis melo | Horned melon | |
| Cucumis sativus | Cucumber | |
| Cucurbita ficifolia | ||
| Cucurbita maxima | Pumpkin squash, autumn squash, pumpkin | Cucurbita max lectin found in prepared food (pumpkin seeds) was found to be autoclave resistant. See: Appl Environ Microbiol 1981 (41) 880-888 |
| Cucurbita pepe | Zuchini | |
| Cucurbita pepo | Spaghetti squash | |
| Cucurbita sativus | Cucumber | |
| Cydonia oblonja | Quince | |
| Cymbidium hybrid | ||
| Cyphomandra betacea | Tamarillo, tree tomato | |
| Cytisis multiflorus | ||
| Cytisus scoparius | Scotch broom | Two anti-H(O) lectins were separated from extracts of Cytisus sessilifolius seeds by successive affinity chromatographies on columns of di-N-acetylchitobiose- and galactose-Sepharose 4B. One was found to be inhibited most by di-N-acetylchitotriose or tri-N-acetylchitotriose [Cytisus-type anti-H(O) lectin designated as Cytisus sessilifolius lectin I (CSA-I)] and the other anti-H(O) lectin was inhibited by galactose or lactose and designated as Cytisus sessilifolius lectin II (CSA-II). |
| Cytisus sessilfolius | Broom | |
| Dacrymycetales | ||
| Dalbergia | ||
| Datura innoxia | ||
| Datura stramonium | Jimson weed, thorn apple | DSA may have a role in cell-cell interactions. The Datura lectins resemble the chitin-binding lectins from Solanum and Lycopersicon. |
| Daucus carrota | Carrot | An extract of D. carrota induces agglutination of most serotypes of S. mutans but not of S. salivarius or S. mitis. If added to a suspension of mixed bacteria, a piece of D. carrota may selectively adsorb S. mutans while S. salivarius and S. mitis only are affected to a minor degree. See also: Caries Res. 1982;16(6):423-7 Daucus carrota lectin found in prepared food (canned carrot) was found to be autoclave resistant. See: Appl Environ Microbiol 1981 (41) 880-888 |
| Dendroaspis jamesoni | Lectin derived from Dendroaspis jamesonii, a venomous snake. | |
| Deuteromycetes | ||
| Dicolea lehmani | ||
| Dictyostelium discoideum | Cellular slime mold | |
| Dictyostelium purpureum | Slime mold | For discussion of seven isolectins, see:J Biol Chem 1981 May 25;256(10):5046-51 |
| Didemnum candidum | Oyster | Didemnum ternatanum lectin (DTL) is specific for N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine. Didemnum candidum lectins (DCL-I, DCL-II) possesses lectin activity directed toward galactosyl moieties. |
| Dieffenbachia sequina | Dumb cane | |
| Dioclea grandifolia | Mucana | |
| Dioclea guianensis | Also found in Dioclea virgata, and Cratylia floribunda. For characterization of lectin in Dioclea lehmanni (DLL-II), sse: Phytochemistry 1990;29(6):1745-9 | |
| Dioclea virgata | ||
| Dolichos biflorus | Horse gram | For a characterization of DBA-R, see: Arch Biochem Biophys 1987 Nov 1;258(2):535-44 DBA represents about 10% of the toal soluble seed protein. The other lectins are only mnor proteins. |
| Drosophila | Fruit fly | |
| Dumasia | ||
| Echinocereus engelmanii | Cactus | |
| Echis multisquamatus | Aaw-scaled viper | EMS16 is a C-lectin type protein from Echis multisquamatus venom, a potent and selective inhibitor of the alpha2beta1 integrin. |
| Electrophorus electricus | Electric eel | For discussion of use in experimental mysathenia gravis, see: Eur J Immunol 1983 Jun;13(6):500-7 For discussion of antigenic cross-reactivity between purified chick, eel and mouse electrolectins, see: FEBS Lett 1982 Nov 1;148(1):145-8 |
| Elymus canadensis | Elymus lectin has also been identified in E. doluricus, E. Glaucus and E. sibiricus. This lectin is very similar to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). See:Planta 1983 (159); 105-111 | |
| Entamoeba histolytica | ||
| Epipactis helleborine | broad-leaved helleborine | |
| Epiphragmophora trenquelleonis | Snail | Both lectins agglutinated specifically human blood type A and AB erythrocytes, but not type B and O erythrocytes. |
| Eranthis hyemalis | Winter aconite | ERA-I possesses the property of inhibition of protein synthesis using in vitro eukaryotic translation systems. |
| Eremopyrum buonopardis | This lectin is very similar to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). See:Planta 1983 (159); 105-111 | |
| Erythrina corallodendron | West indian coral tree | Most people carry natural antibodies to ECA, although they do not interfere with its agglutinating properties. See: FEBS Lett 1996 Nov 18;397(2-3):139-42 The genus Erythrina comprises over 100 species of deciduous leguminous trees and shrubs. Lectins from over 20 species of this family have been isolated. See: Phytochemistry 1985 (24); 2803-2809 |
| Erythrina cristagalli | Cocks comb coral tree | |
| Erythrina indica | ||
| Erythrina variegata | It is suggested that the constituent subunits of Erythrina variegata isolectins are eschangeable with each other in vitro. | |
| Erythrina velutina | The lectin is a potent agglutinin for human (minimal concentration of protein able to cause visible agglutination of a 2% erythrocyte suspension varying from 1 to 4 micrograms/ml), rabbit (4 micrograms/ml) and chicken erythrocytes (8 micrograms/ml) but presented low activity against cow (250 micrograms/ml) or sheep (333 micrograms/ml) blood cells. (For actions of lectin in Erythrina costaricensis, see:Rev Biol Trop 1991 Jun;39(1):15-21) | |
| Escherichia coli | Bacteria | For characterization of Verotoxin-1 (Shiga-like toxin-1), see: Nature, 355, 748-750, 1992 See also: Adhesins |
| Euhadra callizoma | ||
| Euphorbia characias | Purification and partial characterization of a mitogenic lectin from the latex of Euphorbia marginata. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Aug 20;1158(1):33-9. | |
| Euphorbia heterophylla | ||
| Evonymus europaea | Spindle tree | |
| Falcata japonica | ||
| Ficus cunia | ||
| Flammulina veltipes | Mushroom | |
| Fomes fomentarius | ||
| Fragaria vesca | Strawberry | |
| Fucus serratus | Brown algae | |
| Fucus vesiculosis | Bladderwrack brown algae | |
| Galactia tashiroi | ||
| Galactia tenuiflora | ||
| Galanthus nivalis | Snowdrop | The lectin of the famous Pusztai controversy. Diets containing genetically modified (GM) potatoes expressing the lectin Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) had variable effects on different parts of the rat gastrointestinal tract. Some effects, such as the proliferation of the gastric mucosa, were mainly due to the expression of the GNA transgene. See: Lancet 1999 Oct 16;354(9187):1353-4 |
| Galleria mellonella | ||
| Gallus gallus | Chicken | |
| Gallus gallus | Chicken liver | |
| Gallus gallus | Chicken egg | Both serum and egg yolk hemagglutinins agglutinated O, A1, B and A1B erythrocytes to a similar degree, and both showed somewhat stronger agglutinating potencies at 5 degrees C than at 25 degrees C or 37 degrees C. |
| Gallus gallus | Endogenous 14K type lectin. | |
| Gallus gallus | Mannose-binding activity is abundantly present in chicken serum. Unlike hepatic lectins or other mannose-binding proteins, this protein does not require calcium for binding mannose-containing glycoconjugates. The chicken serum mannose-binding protein is immunochemically distinct from the chicken hepatic lectin and rabbit serum mannose-binding protein. | |
| Gallus gallus | Chicken Hepatic Mannan-binding Proteins, CHMBP-I, CHMBP-II, CHMBP-III | |
| Gallus gallus | CTE cross-reacts immunologically, but is not identical, with electrolectins from electric-eel electric organ and from chick-embryo pectoral muscle. | |
| Gallus gallus | Radioimmunoassay showed that this skin-type lectin is present in many tissues including skin, muscle, bone, eye, heart, liver and brain at various developmental stages. | |
| Genypterus blacodes | Pink cusk-eel | A lectin was isolated from the external mucus of fish, Genypterus blacodes. This is the first lectin isolated from fish. |
| Geodia cydonium | Sponge | |
| Giardia lambia Surface lectin | This lectin is specifically activated in vitro by a host protease, trypsin, which is secreted in vivo at the site of infection. The activated lectin agglutinates cells to which the parasite adheres in vivo and binds specifically to isolated brush border membranes of these cells. | |
| Gliricida sepium | Caribbean quickstick | |
| Glossina longipennis lectin | Tsetse fly | |
| Glycine max | Soy bean | Most people carry natural antibodies to SBA, although they do not interfere with its agglutinating properties. See: FEBS Lett 1996 Nov 18;397(2-3):139-42 SBA is a reliable marker for human eosinophils. See: Histochemistry 1987;86(3):269-73 The lectin is virtually absent from textured soy protein. See: Freed, Dietary Lectins and Disease, in Food Allergy and Intolerance (1987) Brostoff and Challacombe, ed. New York SBA may be responsible for half of the inhibition of growth attributed to soy products. See: Arch Latinoam Nutr 1996 Dec;44(4 Suppl 1):48S-54S Histochemical study using lectins to identify glycoconjugates present in the efferent ducts and ductus epididymidis of men without testicular or related disease. The epididymal principal cells showed positive reactions to SBA over the apical microvilli but not in the cytoplasm. The reaction was observed in the caput and corpus epididymidis but not in the cauda. Positive reactions to SBA were also detected in the epididymal fluid and in the cytoplasm of mitochondria-rich cells (a minor population of epididymal epithelial cells). See: J Reprod Fertil 1996 Mar;106(2):313-20 N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-specific lectins, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), and soybean agglutinin (SBA), enhanced Hantaan (HTN) virus infections in Vero E6 and P388D1 cells. See: Arch Virol 1999;144(9):1765-77 SBA is of vast importance to the field of clinical bone marrow transplantation and has been used to fractionate bone marrow cells. It binds bone marrow mononuclear cells, including mature myeloid, erythroid, and lymphoid cells, but has very low binding affinity and no toxic effect to the human hematopoietic cells. See: Mol Biotechnol 1999 Apr;11(2):181-94 For an opposing viewpoint, see: Am J Clin Oncol 1997 Aug;20(4):419-23 |
| Gonatanthus pumilus | Lectin is similar to that found in Arum maculatum, Alocasia indica, Sauromatum guttatum and Gonatanthus pumilus. See: Phytochemistry 1995 (40): 449-493 | |
| Grateulopia filicina | Marine algae | |
| Griffithsia flosculosa | Marine red algae | |
| Griffonia Simplicifolia lectins | For differential binding patterns in endothelial tissue, see: Eur J Cell Biol 1990 Feb;51(1):85-95 GSA-I is a reliable marker for human eosinophils. See: Histochemistry 1987;86(3):269-73 | |
| Grifola frondosa | Mushroom | |
| Haemonchus contortus | Has a family of galectins. See: | |
| Halidrys siliquosa | Brown algae | |
| Halimeda opuntia | Marine algae | |
| Halocynthia pyriformis | Ascidian | |
| Halocynthia roretzi | Ascidian | |
| Haynaldia villosa | This lectin is very similar to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). See:Planta 1983 (159); 105-111 | |
| Helianthus annus | Sunflower seeds | |
| Helianthus tuberosus | Jerusalem artichoke | A reinvestigation of Helianthus tuber lectin revealed that it is closely related to the Calystegia lectin with respect to its molecular structure and sugar specificity. |
| Helicobacter pylori | ||
| Helix aspersa | Small Grey Snail | |
| Helix pomatia | Roman snail | For discussion of Helix pomatia isolectins, see: Biochim Biophys Acta 1979 Jul 25;579(1):52-61 For binding of psoriatic skin by HPA, see: Z Hautkr 1986 Sep 1;61(17):1241-9 Helix aspersa also contain the same lectin. See: Z Naturforsch [C]. 1985 Mar-Apr;40(3-4):254-61. |
| Herpetomonas | ||
| Heteranthelium piliferum | This lectin is very similar to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). See:Planta 1983 (159); 105-111 | |
| Heterometrus granulomanus | Scorpion | The lectin is in the hemolymph, and shows specificity for sialic acid like many other sialic acid-specific lectins such as "Limulin", as the agglutination of erythrocytes was completely abolished by treatment with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. |
| Hevea brasiliensis | Rubber tree | Like Urtica dioca lectin Hevein has strong anti-fungal activity against several fungi. See: Planta 1991 (183); 258-264 |
| Hippeastrum hybrid | HHA gives a strong precipitation reactions with several yeast mannans. | |
| Hippopus hippopus | Giant clam | This is a C-Type lectin found in the haemolymph of all tridacnids. First discovered by Uhlenbruck and coworkers in the haemolymph of a range of giant clams, it has a molecular mass in excess of 400,000 with subunits of 25 kDa. It is a glycoprotein with N-glycan side chains. N-deglycosylation leaves a subunit with a molecular mass of 20 kDa. The N-glycan chains are of the high mannose type (1) and indications are that there is microheterogeneity. |
| Hizoctonia solani | ||
| Hohenbuehelia serotina | Fungus | |
| Homarus americanus | Lobster | |
| Homo sapiens | ||
| Homo sapiens | Serum | C-type lectins which are widely present in mammalian plasma. |
| Homo sapiens | Specific components isolated from crude mucus secretions were found to aggregate the bacteria. The degree of bacterial aggregation was dependent on the protein concentration of the crude mucus and on time. | |
| Homo sapiens | Human Keratocyte Membrane Lectin (HKML): The expression of HKML was checked upon action of cytokines (IL1 alpha, IL1 beta, IL2 and TNF) which are known as biological response modifiers of keratinocytes. Human Colon Cancer Membrane Lectin (HCCML): | |
| Homo sapiens | Synoviocytes and extracellular matrices exhibit distinct patterns of carbohydrate expression. Their biological relevance is however not known. human synovial tissue contains a complex pattern of endogenous lectins depending on the different types of synovitis. | |
| Homo sapiens | HPL-H binds heparin; HPL-BG is a 14K lectin that binds beta-galactoside. The interaction of HPL-H with naturally occurring heparin-like molecules may physiologically be involved in modulatory regulation of heparin-mediated processes. | |
| Homo sapiens | ||
| Homo sapiens | 14-kDa beta-galactoside binding lectin have been isolated from HL-60 cells and human placenta. | |
| Homo sapiens | Human CSL isolated from liver was indistinguishable from serum CSL in its physicochemical properties, immunological properties and specificity. | |
| Homo sapiens | In adults, lymphoid and myeloid cells as well as tumor cells grow in a given organ and eventually migrate and home in another organ; these phenomena are known as the homing process or metastasis, respectively. In specific cases, membrane lectins of endothelial cells recognize cell surface glycoconjugates of lymphocytes or tumor cells, while membrane lectins of lymphocytes and of tumor cells recognize glycoconjugates of extracellular matrices or of non-migrating cells. Therefore, membrane lectins are involved in cell-cell recognition phenomena. Membrane lectins are also involved in endocytosis and intracellular traffic of glycoconjugates. | |
| Homo sapiens | ||
| Homo sapiens | Antisera prepared against the plant lectin, GSI-B4(1), cross-react with galactopyranosyl-binding vertebrate lectins present on the surface of tumor cells. | |
| Homo sapiens | Plasma | The protein was previously found to bind to complement-reacted IgG in a calcium-dependent and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-inhibitable manner and it further shows cross-reactivity with anti-bovine conglutinin antibody. |
| Homo sapiens | A plasma-membrane receptor expressed by rabbit alveolar macrophages that recognizes glycoprotein ligands bearing terminal mannose, fucose or N-acetylglucosamine residues.that recognizes glycoprotein ligands bearing terminal mannose, fucose or N-acetylglucosamine residues. | |
| Homo sapiens | Plasma | Results indicate that the lectin recognizes the penultimate galactose residue in a hapten molecule in contrast to usual galactose-binding proteins or galactose-specific lectins, which recognize exposed, terminal galactose residues of sugar chains |
| Homo sapiens | Thrombospondin (TSP) is a glycoprotein secreted from the alpha-granules of platelets upon activation. In the presence of divalent cations, the secreted protein binds to the surface of the activated platelets and is responsible for the endogenous lectin-like activity associated with activated platelets. | |
| Homo sapiens | A trimeric plasminogen-binding protein with an alpha-helical coiled coil | |
| Homo sapiens | Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of the carbohydrate -recognition domain indicate that the protein has similarity with gp120 binding C-type lectin (gp120BCL) and mammalian hepatic lectins. | |
| Homo sapiens | A lectin like haemagglutinin (Human Seminal Lectin - HSL) is present in human seminal plasma. | |
| Homo sapiens | ||
| Homo sapiens | ||
| Homo sapiens | ||
| Homo sapiens | A soluble beta-galactoside-binding lectin, Galectin-3 has been shown to be involved in cell adhesion and activation of immune cells and plays a significant role in cell to extracellular matrix interactions. galectin-3 is expressed in activated murine T lymphocytes including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells but not in resting T cells. See: J Leukoc Biol 2001 Apr;69(4):555-64 galectin-3 mediates genistein-induced G(2)/M arrest and inhibits apoptosis. See: Carcinogenesis 2000 Nov;21(11):1941-5 Up-regulation of galectin-1 in fibroblasts and galectin-3 in ductular complexes suggests a role of these lectins in tissue remodeling in chronic pancreatitis. See: Lab Invest 2000 Aug;80(8):1233-41 galectin has a binding capacity for various glycoconjugates including IgE. See: J Leukoc Biol 1999 Oct;66(4):644-9 | |
| Homo sapiens | galectin-7 is a beta-galactoside binding protein specifically expressed in stratified epithelia and notably in epidermis, but barely detectable in epidermal tumors and absent from squamous carcinoma cell lines. galectin-7 was found to be expressed in interfollicular epidermis and in the outer root sheath of the hair follicle, but not in the hair matrix, nor in the sebaceous glands. It was present in esophagus and oral epithelia, cornea, Hassal's corpuscles of the thymus, but not in simple and transitional epithelia. See: Differentiation 1998 Jul;63(3):159-68 galectin-7 can thus be considered as a marker of all subtypes of keratinocytes. See: galectin-7 gene is an early transcriptional target of the tumor suppressor protein P53. See: Nature (London) 1997 (389); 300-305 Also isolated from rat and mouse. galectin-7 is expressed in all cell layers of epidermis and of other stratified epithelia such asthe cornea and the lining of the oesophagus. This suggested that galectin-7 expression might be induced at a particular stage in the embryonic development of stratified epithelia. See: Int J Dev Biol 1999 May;43(3):229-35 The monomeric hGal-7 molecule exists as a dimer in the crystals, but adopts a packing arrangement considerably different from that of Gal-1 and Gal-2, which has implications for carbohydrate recognition. See: Biochemistry 1998 Oct 6;37(40):13930-40 | |
| Homo sapiens | ||
| Homo sapiens | See also:Adhesins | |
| Homo sapiens | ||
| Homo sapiens | P-selectin and E-selectin expression were markedly up-regulated in colitic rats. See:Gastroenterology 2001 Apr;120(5):1162-72 | |
| Homo sapiens | L-selectin mediates homing of lymphocytes to lymph nodes (LN). Results suggest that the highly vascularized islet carcinomas are shedding tumor cells into the bloodstream in mice, which is a necessary but insufficient condition for metastasis to occur; L-selectin can facilitate homing of such tumor cells to LN, resulting in metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001 Mar 27;98(7):3976-81 Selectins mediate macrophage- and dendrocyte-adhesion to lymphocytes activated by signaling through another C-type lectin, the L-selectin, leading to immunoglobulin-mediated responses. Thus, the functional interplay of MBL, galectins and L-selectin in the acute phase response neutralizes the microbial challenge, and lead to further adaptive immunity. See: Dev Comp Immunol 1999 Jun-Jul;23(4-5):401-20 | |
| Homo sapiens | ||
| Homo sapiens | galectin XII contains two domains that are homologous to the galectin CRD. The N-terminal domain contains all the sequence elements predicted to form the two b-sheets found in other galectins, as well as conserved carbohydrate -interacting residues. The C-terminal domain shows considerable divergence from the consensus sequence and many of these conserved residues are not present. Nevertheless, the protein has lactose-binding activity, most likely due to the contribution of the N-terminal domain. | |
| Homo sapiens | Human galectin I is a likely candidate as a novel target for gene therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis using endogenous biological mediators to induces apoptosis of activated T cells and immature thymocytes. See: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2000;95 Suppl 1:225-33 Up-regulation of galectin-1 in fibroblasts and galectin-3 in ductular complexes suggests a role of these lectins in tissue remodeling in chronic pancreatitis. See: Lab Invest 2000 Aug;80(8):1233-41 | |
| Homo sapiens | The cellular source of ecalectin has been thought to be antigen-stimulated T cells. Galactoside-binding activity in ecalectin-induced eosinophil chemoattraction and the regulation of ecalectin expression in immune cells. See: Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2000 May;122 Suppl 1:6-9 Anti-galectin-9 antibody was detected in all 44 human sera tested by the immunoprecipitation assays, suggesting a widespread presence of galectin-9 autoantibodies in humans. The reactivity of the sera to galectin-9 was not inhibited by lactose or endoglycosidase treatment, indicating that the reactivity was not due to a nonspecific lectin- carbohydrate interaction. J Clin Immunol 1999 May;19(3):158-65 | |
| Homo sapiens | galectin-8 binding to integrins inhibits cell adhesion and induces apoptosis. It inhibits adhesion of human carcinoma (1299) cells to plates coated with integrin ligands, and induces cell apoptosis. galectin-8 also interacts with other members of the integrin family, like (alpha)(6)(beta)(1 )integrins. In contrast, galectin-8 only minimally interacts with (alpha)(4 )or (beta)(3 )integrins. We propose that galectin-8 is an integrin binding-protein that interacts to a different extent with several, but not all members of the integrin family. Binding of galectin-8 modulates integrin interactions with the extracellular matrix and thus regulates cell adhesion and cell survival. See: J Cell Sci 2000 Jul;113 ( Pt 13):2385-97 | |
| Homo sapiens | ||
| Homo sapiens | Alpha1/beta1 is a receptor for collagen-I collagen-IV and laminin (E1 region). It is expressed on activated T-cells, monocytes, melanoma cells and smooth muscle cells. This integrin is also known as VLA-1 (very late activation antigen 1) See: http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=1qc5 | |
| Homo sapiens | Alpha2/beta1 is a receptor for collagen-I to VI, laminin and possibly fibronectin. It is expressed on B and T lymphocytes, platelets, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and melanoma cells. This receptor is also known as VLA-2 (very late activation antigen 2), GPIa-IIa (glycoprotein Ia-IIa on platelets) and ECMRII (extracellular matrix receptor II) See: http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=1aox Integrin a2b1 is a cell surface adhesion receptor for collagen and the human pathogen echovirus-1. Integrin alpha 2 beta 1 is a positive regulator of collagenase (MMP-1) and collagen alpha 1(I) gene expression. See: J Biol Chem. 1995 Jun 2;270(22):13548-52 | |
| Homo sapiens | Alpha3/beta1 is a receptor for epiligrin, laminin (E3 fragment), nidogen/entactin, fibronectin and collagen-1. It is expressed on B-lymphocytes, Kidney glolmerulus and most cultured cell lines. This integrin is also known as VLA-3 (very late activation atigen 3), VCA-2 (very common antigen 2), ECMRI (extracellular matrix receptor I) and Gapb-3 (galactoprotein b3). | |
| Homo sapiens | Alpha4/beta1 is a receptor for fibronectin containing the CS-1 region, which is situated within the IIICS region, and VCAM-1 (vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1). It is present on lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, NK-cells and thymocytes. This integrin plays a role in the invasion of inflammated tissues, and has also been implicated in skeletal myogenesis, neural crest migration and proliferation, lymphocyte maturation and morphogenisis of the placenta and heart. VCAM-1 is an adhesion molecule which is present on cytokine-activated endothelial cells, while fibronectin is part of the extracellular matrix. Alpha4/beta1 is thus involved in both cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion. This integrin is also known as VLA-4 (very late activation antigen 4) and LPAM-2 (lymphocyte Peyer's patch HEV adhesion molecule 2 (mouse)). | |
| Homo sapiens | Alpha5/beta1 is a receptor for fibronectin. It is expressed on Memory-T-cells, monocytes, platelets and fibroblasts. This integrin is also known as VLA-5 (very late activation antigen 5), FNR (fibronectin receptor), GPIc-IIa (glycoprotein Ic-IIa on platelets) and ECMRVI (extracellular matrix receptor VI). AlphaV/beta1 is a receptor for fibronectin. ntegrins alpha5beta1, alphavbeta1, and alphavbeta6 collaborate in squamous carcinoma cell spreading and migration on fibronectin. See: Exp Cell Res 2000 Feb 25;255(1):10-7 | |
| Homo sapiens | The alpha6/beta1 integrin is expressed on platelets, lymphocytes, monocytes, thymocytes and epithelial cells, on which it functions as a laminin receptor for laminin-1, laminin-2 and laminin-4 in vivo. It is also a receptor for laminin-5, but not in vivo. For laminin-1, the binding site has been localized in the E8 domain of this extracellular matrix molecule. This receptor is also known as VLA-6 (very late activation antigen 6) and GPIc-IIa (glycoprotein Ic-IIa on platelets). The alpha4beta1, alpha4beta7, and alphaEbeta7 integrins may all play a contributory role in the progression of chronic forms of demyelinating disease, and together with their ligands could represent potential targets for improved treatment of some forms of multiple sclerosis. See: J Neuroimmunol 2000 Mar 1;103(2):146-52 | |
| Homo sapiens | The alpha7/beta1 integrin is expressed on skeletal and cardiac muscle at specific stages during muscle development. It is a receptor for laminin-1 and binds to it's E8 domain. This integrin is also found localized in focal contacts when melanoma cells attach to laminin-1, while normal melanocytes do not express this integrin. Since alpha7/beta1 is developmentally regulated in muscle cells, it is thought that this integrin has a role in their development. The expression of the three known splice variants is in addition developmentally regulated. Expression of alpha7B precedes the xpression of alpha7A and alpha7C. Alpha7/beta1 is also a trophoblast specific laminin receptor on which it may serve a specific function during the early postimplantation period. This integrin is also known as VLA-7 (very late activation antigen 7). | |
| Homo sapiens | Alpha8/beta1 is a receptor for fibronectin. The alpha6 integrin subunit participates in the formation of both alpha6 beta1 and alpha6 beta4 laminin receptors, which have been reported to play an important role in cell adhesion and migration and in morphogenesis. Findings suggest that the interaction between integrin alpha 6 beta 1 and laminin plays an important role in the corpus luteum formation and follicular growth. See: Horm Res 1998;50 Suppl 2:25-9 Laminin suppresses progesterone production by human luteinizing granulosa cells via interaction with integrin alpha 6 beta 1. See: J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997 Jul;82(7):2122-8 | |
| Homo sapiens | ||
| Homo sapiens | ||
| Homo sapiens | AlphaL/beta2 is a receptor for ICAM-1 to 3 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1 to 3). This integrin is only present on leukocytes and plays an important role in interactions between members of this family (eg. B-cell to T-cell). AlphaL/beta2 is also involved in the interactions between cytotoxic cells and their target-cells. On top of this, alphaL/beta2 is crucial for the invasion of leukocytes in tissues. ICAM-1 is expressed on leukocytes and other cells, amongst them are endthelial cells, but only after they have been activated by cytokines for example which are produced in immunereactions and inflammated tissues. ICAM-2 is present on a lot of cells and does not change after cytokine activation. ICAM-3 is primarily expressed on resting lymphocytes and plays a role in the onset of immunereactions. AlphaL/beta2 is normally not activated, but adhesion is induced by activation of the leukocyte, for example by PAF (platelet activating factor) which is produced in inflammated tissues. This integrin is also known as LFA-1 (leukocyte function associated antigen 1). | |
| Homo sapiens | AlphaM/beta2 is a receptor for C3bi (inactivated form of C3b), factor X (coagulation factor X), fibrinogen and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1). It is expressed on monocytes, macrophages, NK cells and granulocytes. Alpha-M/beta-2 is important in adherence of monocytes and neutrophils to vascular endothelium, as well as in sebsequent extravasation. It also plays a role in phagocytosis of complement coated particles. This integrin is also known as Mac-1 (macrophage receptor 1) and CR-3 (C3bi receptor). | |
| Homo sapiens | alphaX/beta2 is a receptor for fibrinogen. It is found on monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, NK-cells and activated lymphocytes. This integrin is also known as p150 and CR-4 (C3bi receptor 4). | |
| Homo sapiens | AlphaV/beta3 is a receptor for fibrinogen, fibronectin, von Willebrand's factor, Vitronectin, Tsp (Thrombospondin), osteopontin and Bsp1 (bone sialoprotein 1). It is expressed on endothelial cells, some B-cells, platelets and monocytes. alphaVb-beta3 mediates platelet aggregation and endothelial cell adhesion to ECM proteins. This integrin is also known as VNR (vitronectin receptor) | |
| Homo sapiens | Alpha-IIb/beta3 is a receptor for fibrinogen, fibronectin, von Willebrand's factor and vitronectin. It is expressed on platelets. This integrin is also known as GPIIb-IIIa (glycoprotein IIb-IIIa on platelets). | |
| Homo sapiens | Alphav/beta5 is a receptor for vitronectin. It is expressed on hepatoma cells, fibroblasts and carcinoma cells. This integrin is also known as alphav/betaS and alphav/beta3B. | |
| Homo sapiens | Alphav/beta6 is a receptor for fibronectin. It is expressed on carcinoma cells. Integrins alpha5beta1, alphavbeta1, and alphavbeta6 collaborate in squamous carcinoma cell spreading and migration on fibronectin. See: Exp Cell Res 2000 Feb 25;255(1):10-7 | |
| Homo sapiens | The alpha4/beta7 integrin is a receptor for MadCAM, fibronectin and VCAM-1. This integrin is only found leukocytes which are directed to the Peyer's Patches of the gut. MadCAM which is an addressin, is only found on Peyer's Patch Endothelium. The alpha4/beta7 integrin is also known as (LPAM-1). Data show that protein synthesis-dependent upregulation of the functional beta7 integrin occurs under conditions when beta4 and beta1 integrins are fully expressed, indicating a sequential appearance of specific adhesion molecules on differentiating eosinophil progenitors. See: Allergy 2000 Sep;55(9):865-72 | |
| Homo sapiens | ||
| Homo sapiens | The P7 integrins alpha4beta7 and alphaEbeta7 play a central role in chronic inflammation, mediating the trafficking, entry, and/or adhesion of lymphocytes in the inflamed pancreas and gut, and their ligands MAdCAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-cadherin are expressed on brain endothelial cells and/or on microvessels in the inflamed central nervous system. alpha4beta1, alpha4beta7, and alphaEbeta7 integrins may all play a contributory role in the progression of chronic forms of demyelinating disease, and together with their ligands could represent potential targets for improved treatment of some forms of multiple sclerosis. See: J Neuroimmunol 2000 Mar 1;103(2):146-52 Data show that protein synthesis-dependent upregulation of the functional beta7 integrin occurs under conditions when beta4 and beta1 integrins are fully expressed, indicating a sequential appearance of specific adhesion molecules on differentiating eosinophil progenitors. See: Allergy 2000 Sep;55(9):865-72. Previous studies of other atopic diseases and animal models suggest that adhesion molecules and mucosal lymphocytes may be implicated in the pathogenesis of food allergy (FA). One study's esults suggest that the increased expression of ICAM-1 and alpha(4)beta(7) integrin may play an important role in the pathogenesis of food hypersensitivity and with the elevation of CD4- and HLA-DR-positive cells reflect a stage of inflammation in the structurally normal intestines. See: Clin Immunol 2001 Jun;99(3):353-9 | |
| Homo sapiens | The P7 integrins alpha4beta7 and alphaEbeta7 play a central role in chronic inflammation, mediating the trafficking, entry, and/or adhesion of lymphocytes in the inflamed pancreas and gut, and their ligands MAdCAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-cadherin are expressed on brain endothelial cells and/or on microvessels in the inflamed central nervous system. alpha4beta1, alpha4beta7, and alphaEbeta7 integrins may all play a contributory role in the progression of chronic forms of demyelinating disease, and together with their ligands could represent potential targets for improved treatment of some forms of multiple sclerosis. See: J Neuroimmunol 2000 Mar 1;103(2):146-52 There was enhanced expression of E-selectin, CLA, LFA-1, ICAM-1, VLA-4, VCAM-1, and alphaEbeta7 in psoriatic lesions versus nonlesional skin. See: Lab Invest 2001 Mar;81(3):335-47 | |
| Homo sapiens | Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) is an adhesion molecule that mediates recruitment of lymphocytes into the gut mucosa. One study in mice demonstrated that anti-MAdCAM-1 antibody significantly ameliorates DSS-induced colitis, suggesting that MAdCAM-1 may be useful for control of inflammatory bowel diseases. See: J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000 Oct;295(1):183-9 MAdCAM-1 expressed in chronic inflammatory liver disease supports mucosal lymphocyte adhesion to hepatic endothelium. MAdCAM-1 on hepatic vessels supported adhesion of alpha4beta7+ lymphocytes (i.e., gut-derived T cells) from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis, providing a mechanism to explain the hepatic recruitment of mucosal lymphocytes in inflammatory liver disease complicating inflammatory bowel disease. See: Hepatology 2001 May;33(5):1065-72 | |
| Homo sapiens | VCAM-1 plays a central role in leukocyte recruitment in colitis and blockade of this adhesion molecule has higher therapeutic effect than immunoneutralization of ICAM-1 or MAdCAM-1 in this experimental model. Lab Invest 2000 Oct;80(10):1541-51 There was enhanced expression of E-selectin, CLA, LFA-1, ICAM-1, VLA-4, VCAM-1, and alphaEbeta7 in psoriatic lesions versus nonlesional skin. See: Lab Invest 2001 Mar;81(3):335-47 | |
| Homo sapiens | P-selectin and E-selectin expression were markedly up-regulated in colitic rats. P-selectin plays a key role on leukocyte rolling and its blockade attenuates leukocyte adhesion in TNBS-induced colitis. See: Gastroenterology 2001 Apr;120(5):1162-72 P-selectin is up-regulated following irradiation and is a key molecular determinant of leukocyte rolling but not leukocyte adhesion in this inflammatory condition. See:Int J Cancer 2001 Apr 20;96(2):99-109 | |
| Homo sapiens | There was enhanced expression of E-selectin, CLA, LFA-1, ICAM-1, VLA-4, VCAM-1, and alphaEbeta7 in psoriatic lesions versus nonlesional skin. See: Lab Invest 2001 Mar;81(3):335-47 | |
| Homo sapiens | ||
| Homo sapiens | Colonic cancer cells fail to express the LFA-3, another of the major cellular adhesion molecules. | |
| Homo sapiens | Versican is a member of the chondroitin sulphate (CS) proteoglycan family, which also includes versican/PG-M, aggrecan, neurocan and brevican. These proteoglycans are characterized by the presence of a hyaluronan-binding domain and a C-type lectin domain in their core proteins. Through these domains, lecticans interact with carbohydrate and protein ligands in the extracellular matrix and act as linkers of these extracellular matrix molecules. See: Cell Mol Life Sci 2000 Feb;57(2):276-89 A proteoglycan core peptide. Fibulin-1 is a ligand for the C-type lectin domains of aggrecan and versican. See: J Biol Chem 1999 Jul 16;274(29):20444-9 | |
| Homo sapiens | A proteoglycan core peptide.Aggrecan is a member of the chondroitin sulphate (CS) proteoglycan family, which also includes versican/PG-M, neurocan and brevican. These proteoglycans are characterized by the presence of a hyaluronan-binding domain and a C-type lectin domain in their core proteins. Through these domains, lecticans interact with carbohydrate and protein ligands in the extracellular matrix and act as linkers of these extracellular matrix molecules. See: Cell Mol Life Sci 2000 Feb;57(2):276-89 Fibulin-1 is a ligand for the C-type lectin domains of aggrecan and versican. See: J Biol Chem 1999 Jul 16;274(29):20444-9 | |
| Homo sapiens | A proteoglycan core peptide. Neurocan is a member of the chondroitin sulphate (CS) proteoglycan family, which also includes versican/PG-M, agrecan and brevican. Neurocan is a heparin binding proteoglycan. See:Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000 Jun 7;272(2):449-55 These proteoglycans are characterized by the presence of a hyaluronan-binding domain and a C-type lectin domain in their core proteins. Through these domains, lecticans interact with carbohydrate and protein ligands in the extracellular matrix and act as linkers of these extracellular matrix molecules. See: Cell Mol Life Sci 2000 Feb;57(2):276-89 A proteoglycan core peptide. | |
| Homo sapiens | A proteoglycan core peptide. Brevican is a member of the chondroitin sulphate (CS) proteoglycan family, which also includes versican/PG-M, neurocan and neurocan. BEHAB/brevican is an extracellular matrix component associated with invasive glioma. See: Clin Neurosurg 2000;47:72-82 These proteoglycans are characterized by the presence of a hyaluronan-binding domain and a C-type lectin domain in their core proteins. Through these domains, lecticans interact with carbohydrate and protein ligands in the extracellular matrix and act as linkers of these extracellular matrix molecules. See: Cell Mol Life Sci 2000 Feb;57(2):276-89 Brevican may play a role in maintaining the extracellular environment of mature brain as a major constituent of the adult brain extracellular matrix. See: Perspect Dev Neurobiol 1996;3(4):307-17 | |
| Homo sapiens | Exocrine-type neurotrophic activity is found in annexin V and involvement of some annexins in cell-adhesion (or inhibition of cell-adhesion) has been found. | |
| Homo sapiens | ||
| Homo sapiens | The localization sites of annexin IV in the major expression tissues, the kidney and pancreas, and the result of in vitro binding assay of several glycoconjugates suggest that annexin IV is involved in the formation of apical sorting (secretory) vesicles due to the interaction with some GPI-anchored glycoproteins and proteoglycans. | |
| Homo sapiens | Annexin I (lipocortin 1) has a molecular weight of 37kDa and is found abundantly in mammalian tissues but has a discrete pattern of cellulardistribution which includes secretory epithelium, skin, synovium and blood leukocytes. Convincing evidence now exists that synthesis of this member of the annexin family can be induced in monocytes and differentiated macrophage-like cell lines by glucocorticoids. However the synthesis of annexin I does not appear to be under glucocorticoid control in certain cell lines where its expression appears to be associated withcell differentiation and growth. | |
| Homo sapiens | ||
| Homo sapiens | CD6 and its ligand activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM, CD166) have been detected on various immune cells and in the brain. CD6-ligand interactions have been implicated in the regulation of T cell function. See: Protein Sci 1997 Aug;6(8):1768-70 CD6-ligand interactions have been implicated in the regulation of T-cell adhesion and activation. CD6 is a member of the scavenger receptor family, whereas its human ligand (ALCAM) belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. The extracellular region of ALCAM includes five immunoglobulin-like domains. As a fusion protein, the N-terminal extracellular domain of ALCAM (ALCAMD1) binds specifically to CD6. See: Protein Sci 1995 Aug;4(8):1644-7 | |
| Homo sapiens | E-cadherin, a calcium-dependent transmembrane glycoprotein, is an adhesion molecule. The loss of E-cadherin expression may be involved in regional lymph node metastasis and in malignant potential of thyroid neoplasms. See:J Surg Oncol 2001 Mar;76(3):176-80 For role of P and E-cadherins in metastasis, See:Mod Pathol 2001 May;14(5):423-7 There are higher levels of soluble E-cadherin in cyst fluid from malignant ovarian tumours than in benign cysts. See: Anticancer Res. 2001 Jan-Feb;21(1A):65-70. | |
| Homo sapiens | ||
| Homo sapiens | A new cadherin VE-cadherin 2 has recently been described; it appears to be able to modulate homotypic adhesion, but unlike VE-cadherin does not seem to play a role in endothelial permeability. See: J Biol Chem 1998 Jul 10;273(28):17565-72 | |
| Homo sapiens | For role of P and E-cadherins in metastasis, See:Mod Pathol 2001 May;14(5):423-7 | |
| Homo sapiens | Results suggest that rabbit lung CAP-50 is a newly identified member of the annexin family. Ca2+/calcyclin apparently regulates the function of CAP-50 on cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. See: J Biol Chem 1992 May 5;267(13):8919-24 The interaction of CAP-50 to calcyclin is specific, i. e. other Ca(2+)-binding proteins with the EF-hand structure could not substitute for calcyclin. See: FEBS Lett 1992 Jul 6;305(3):217-9 | |
| Homo sapiens | ESAM is a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. ESAM is selectively expressed in cultured human and murine vascular endothelial cells and revealed high level expression in lung and heart and low level expression in kidney and skin. In situ hybridization analysis indicated that ESAM is primarily expressed in the developing vasculature of the embryo in an endothelial cell-restricted pattern. Epitope-tagged ESAM was shown to co-localize with cadherins and catenins in cell-cell junctions. | |
| Homo sapiens | The adhesion molecules ELAM-1 and GMP-140 seem to be involved in cell adhesion during chronic inflammation of the gingiva. See: J Periodontal Res 1993 Mar;28(2):145-51 | |
| Homo sapiens | The adhesion molecules ELAM-1 and GMP-140 seem to be involved in cell adhesion during chronic inflammation of the gingiva. See: J Periodontal Res 1993 Mar;28(2):145-51 | |
| Homo sapiens | There was enhanced expression of E-selectin, CLA, LFA-1, ICAM-1, VLA-4, VCAM-1, and alphaEbeta7 in psoriatic lesions versus nonlesional skin. See: Lab Invest 2001 Mar;81(3):335-47 | |
| Homo sapiens | There was enhanced expression of E-selectin, CLA, LFA-1, ICAM-1, VLA-4, VCAM-1, and alphaEbeta7 in psoriatic lesions versus nonlesional skin. See: Lab Invest 2001 Mar;81(3):335-47 | |
| Homo sapiens | There was enhanced expression of E-selectin, CLA, LFA-1, ICAM-1, VLA-4, VCAM-1, and alphaEbeta7 in psoriatic lesions versus nonlesional skin. See: Lab Invest 2001 Mar;81(3):335-47 | |
| Hordeum vulgare | Barley | |
| Hura crepitans | Sand-box tree | |
| Hygrophorus hypothejus | Mushroom | HHL agglutinates specifically A and B blood group erythrocytes and in hemagglutination inhibition assays, exhibits sugar-binding specificity toward lactose, the anomeric alpha form being more effective than the beta form. |
| Hypnea cervicornis | Marine algae | |
| Hyptos suaveolens | ||
| Iberis amara | Candytuft | |
| Influenza virus | ||
| Ipomoea batatas | Same biological properties as Lycopersicon Esculentum Agglutinin. | |
| Iris hollandica | ||
| Iris hybrid | Iris | A similar lectin has also been isolated in the rootstocks of German Iris (Iris germanica). See: Acta Biochim Polon 1993 (40);123-124 |
| Juglans regia | Walnut | |
| Klyveromyces bulgaricus | ||
| Kuehneromyces mutabilis | Fungus | |
| Labiaceae origanum | Marjorum | |
| Lablab purpureus | Lablab bean, hyacinth bean, black seeded kidney bean | Also known as Lablab niger or Dolichos lablab |
| Laburnum alpinum | ||
| Laccaria amethystina | ||
| Lachesis huta | Snake Venom | The protein eluted at 0.4 M Nacl in 0. 01 Tris pH 7.3 and exhibited agglutinin activity toward 0+ human erythrocytes. |
| Lactarius deliciosus | Edible mushroom | The lectin was found in the mycelium. |
| Lactarius lignyotus | ||
| Lactuca scariole | Prickly lettuce | |
| Laelia autumnalis | ||
| Laetiporus sulfureus | Sulfur shelf mushroom | A hemagglutinating and hemolytic lectin (PSL) has been isolated from carpophores of the parasitic mushroom Laetiporus sulfureus |
| Lathyrus cicera | ||
| Lathyrus nissolia | ||
| Lathyrus ochrus | Yellow flower pea | |
| Lathyrus odoratus | For further characterization of monoclonal antibody 6,F-8 reacting with Lathyrus, Lens and Pisum lectins, see: FEBS Lett. 1989 Apr 10;247(1):77-80. | |
| Lathyrus silvestris | ||
| Lathyrus tuberosus | ||
| Lens culinaris | Lentils | For further characterization of monoclonal antibody 6,F-8 reacting with Lathyrus, Lens and Pisum lectins, see: FEBS Lett. 1989 Apr 10;247(1):77-80. LcH is closely related to the other two-chain mannose/glucose specific legum electins from Vicia species and Lathyrus species. |
| Lepidium sativuum | Garden cress | |
| Leptonychotes weddelli | ||
| Leptospermum archinoides | Australian bush | |
| Leucojum aestivum | Summer snowflake | The lectin preparation is a mixture of isolectins |
| Leucojum vernum | Spring snowflake | |
| Leucojum | ||
| Limulus polyphemus | Horseshoe crab | |
| Liocarcinus depurator | Decapod crustacean | |
| Listeria ovata | Twayblade | LOMBP is a merolectin. LOA reacts with various alpha-mannans from yeast, fungi and bacteria, but not with alpha glucans. See: J Biochem 1993 (217); 677-681 Similar lectins have been purified from the Orchidaceae species Epipactis helleborine and Cymbidium hybrid. |
| Litchi chinensis | Litchi | |
| Lonchocarpus capassa | Apple-leaf | The lectin is a metalloprotein containing Ca2+ and Mn2+. See: Phytochemistry 1986 (25);323-327 Lonchcarpus lectin resembles the Erythrina lectins for its amino acid and carbohydrate specificity and biological properties. |
| Lontonis bainesii | Tropical lotonis | The Lontonis lectin may be involved in the recognition of symbiotic bacteria. See: 2) Plant Physiol 1984 (74); 779-785 |
| Lophocereus shotti | Cactus | |
| Lotus tetragonolobus | Aparagus pea | LTA is a metalloprotein that is a mixture of isolectins which are glycosylated. See: carbohydrate Res 1977 (58); 253-265 Separation of the lectin components by DEAE cellulose chromatography yielded two major fractions: a potent hemagglutinin with weak macrophage activating properties and a potent macrophage activator with weak hemagglutinating activity. See: Immunobiology 1985 Apr;169(3):250-62 |
| Luffa acutangula | Ridge gourd | The lectin contains and extended carbohydrate -binding site which can accommodate a tetrasaccharide See: J Biol Chem 1986 (261); 14 621-14 627 |
| Lumbricus terrestris | Earthworm | EW29 has significant hemagglutinating activity, which was inhibited by a wide range of galactose-containing saccharides. |
| Lycopersicon esculentum | Tomato | For differential binding patterns in endothelial tissue, see: Eur J Cell Biol 1990 Feb;51(1):85-95 For discussion of immunosupressive nature of tomato lectin and its possible clinical relevance, see: Lect. Biol. Biochem. Clin. Biochem. 1985 (4); 3 Tomato lectin has been used for the isolation of glycoproteins and the controlled oral delivery of drugs. See : Pharm. R. 1992 (9); 547-553 LEA is serolgically related to (though not identical with) the lectins from the Solanaceae species Solanum tuberosum (potato) and Datura stramonium (thornapple). See: FEBS Letters 1980 (113);128-133 |
| Lycoris aurea | This lectin shows sequence homology to Galanthus lectin. | |
| Maackia amurensis | There are sialic acid-specific leukoagglutinating lectin from the seeds of Maackia amurensis. Maackia has a strong hemagglutininating lectin, called MAH (M. amurensis hemagglutinin) and a potent mitogenic lectin, called MAL (M. amurensis leucoagglutinin). | |
| Machaerocereus eruca | Cactus | Four isolectins (ME-C2, -D2, E2, F2) have been isolated from M. eruca. Lectin activity has also been reported in other cacti, including: Pachydereus pringleii, Cholla opuntia, Echinocereus engelmanii, Lopocereus shotti, Stenocereus thurberi and Machaerocereus gummosus. See: Lectin: Biol Biochem Clin Biochem 1985 (4); 437-445 |
| Machaerocereus gummosus | Cactus | |
| Maclura pomifera | Osage Orange | For discussion of MPA binding to pulmonary alveolar type II cells, see: Biochim Biophys Acta 1988 Sep 8;966(3):403-13 |
| Macrobdella decora | North american leech | |
| Macrobrachium rosenbergii | Freshwater prawn | A sialic acid specific lectin (MrL) that agglutinates erythrocytes from rat and rabbit, as well as some Gram negative and positive bacterial strains. |
| Macrotyloma axillare | Perennial horsegram | |
| Malus officinalis | Apple | Lectin found in prepared food (apple sauce) was found to be autoclave resistant. See: Appl Environ Microbiol 1981 (41) 880-888 |
| Manduca sexta | Tobacco hornworm | After injection of bacteria, immulectin mRNA appeared in fat body and immulectin protein was detected in hemolymph. Immulectin contains two carbohydrate recognition domains. The carboxyl-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain is most similar (36% identity) to a lipopolysaccharide-binding protein from the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. It also shares 26-35% identity to carbohydrate recognition domains of various mammalian C-type lectins. |
| Mangifera indica | Mango leaves and bark | For agglutination of pYV+ Yersinia enterocolitica strains by agglutinin from Mangifera indica, see :J Clin Microbiol 1995 Mar;33(3):772-4 |
| Marah macrocarpus | Wild cucumber | |
| Marasmius oreades | Mushroom | |
| Marrubium candidissimum | Horehound | |
| Medicago sativa | Alfalfa | |
| Medicago truncatula | Legume | Mtlec1, Mtlec2 |
| Megabalanus rosa | Acorn barnacle | |
| Megapitaria squalida | Clam | |
| Melanoleuca melaleuca | Fungus | |
| Melastiza chateri | Ascomycete mushroom | The lectin was found to cross-react with antiserum against Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL), that had been obtained from another ascomycete mushroom. |
| Mesocricetus auratus | ||
| Metha piperita | Peppermint | |
| Microciona prolifer | ||
| Microcystis aeruginosa | Blue green algae | Microcystis aeruginosa, strain M228, a laboratory culture of freshwater cyanobacterium, showed hemagglutinating activity against rabbit, horse and human ABO erthrocytes. |
| Modecca digitata | ||
| Modiolus modiolus | Horse mussel | The lectin exhibited strong antibacterial effect against all tested strains of Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio salmonicida, Vibrio viscosus, Vibrio wodanis, and Vibrio ordalii, slight effect on Aeromonas salmonicida salmonicida and Shewanella putrefaciens, |
| Moluccella laevis | ||
| Momordica charantia | Chinese bitter melon | MCL demonstrated antilipolytic and lipogenic activities in isolated rat adipocytes although it did not possess intrinsic lipolytic activity. The antilipolytic activity was susceptible to destruction by heat, trypsin, chymotrypsin, glutathione and galactose, indicating that the integrity of the protein moiety, the disulfide linkages, and galactose, which is the sugar specifically bound by the lectin, all play an important role in interaction with the adipocyte leading to an expression of this insulin-like activity. Trichosanthin is a ribosome inactiviating protein, like ricin. |
| Mosquito mannan binding lectin | Mosquito | Mosquito MBL agglutinated erythrocytes from human, sheep, goat and rabbit, but not chicken or mouse, and agglutination was inhibited by mannan and nitrophenol-modified sugar derivatives, but not by simple sugars. |
| Mucuna derringia | Velvet bean | |
| Mucuna derringiana | Velvet bean | |
| Mus musculus | Mouse | The alpha-6/beta-4 integrin is expressed on different cell-types. They are expressed on immature thymocytes, on squamous epithelia, on subsets of endothelial cells, on Schwann cells and also on fibroblasts in the peripheral nervous system. In stratified epithelia like the skin, alpha-6/beta-4 is concentrated in dense structures which are called hemidesmosomes. These dense structures are involved in the attachment of basal cells to the underlying basement membranes. This is achieved by connection of the intermediate filaments to the extracellular matrix via this integrin. All the other integrins use actin filaments for this purpose in stead of intermediate filaments. The ligands for the alpha-6/beta-4 integrin are laminin-1 and laminin-5. The afffinity for laminin-5 however is much stronger. In hemidesmosomes it is found attached to laminin-5. The different alpha-6 splice variants do not influence the ligand specificities of the integrin. From studies with knockout mice it was found that in the absense of the integrin (beta-4 knockout or alpha-6 knockout) no hemidesmosomes were present, suggesting that the integrin is neccesary for the formation or initiation of hemidesmosomes. these mice showed severe blistering of the skin and died soon after birth. |
| Mus musculus | Mouse | This integrin is also known as M290 IEL (mouse intraepithelial lymphocyte antigen recognized by monoclonal antibody M290). |
| Musa acuminata | Plantain | Banana and plantain lectins are also the first documented examples of jacalin-related lectins, which are abundantly present in the pulp of mature fruits but are apparently absent from other tissues. The banana lectin is a powerful murine T-cell mitogen. The novel observation was made that banana and plantain lectins recognize internal alpha1,3-linked glucosyl residues, which occur in the linear polysaccharides elsinan and nigeran. Concanavalin A and lectins from pea and lentil, also mannose/glucose binding lectins, did not precipitate with any of these linear alpha-glucans. This is, the authors believe, the first report of the recognition of internal alpha1,3-glucosidic bonds by a plant lectin. It is possible that these lectins are present in the pulp of their respective fruit, complexed with starch. See: Eur J Biochem 2001 May;268(9):2609-15 |
| Musa paradisiac | Banana | BanLec-I was found to be very effective as a probe in detecting glycoproteins, e.g. on nitrocellulose blots. For BanLec-I effect on IgG4, see: Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1992;97(1):17-24. Banana lectin found in prepared food was found to be autoclave resistant, and indeed was enhanced by heating. See: Appl Environ Microbiol 1981 (41) 880-888 |
| Mycobacterium smegmatis | ||
| Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii | Mushroom | |
| Myrianthus holstii | African plant | Aqueous extracts from the African plant Myrianthus holstii potently inhibited the infection of the T-lymphoblastoid cell line, CEM-SS, by human immunodeficiency virus-1(RF) (HIV-1(RF)). |
| Myristica fragrans | Nutmeg | |
| Myxococcus xanthus | Gram-negative bacterium | Myxococcus xanthus is a Gram-negative bacterium that has a complex life cycle which includes cellular aggregation and sporulation. During the period of cellular aggregation, a lectin-like protein called myxobacterial hemagglutinin (MBHA) is synthesized. |
| Naematoloma sublateritium | Fungus | |
| Naja mossambica | Snake | |
| Naja naja kaouthia | ||
| Narcissus pseudonarcissus | Chinese daffodil | The daffodil lectin is present in all vegetative tissues. However, the lectin concentration is developmentally regulated. In resting bulbs the daffodil lectin represents about 5-10% of the total protein. Lectin activity has been detected in more than 25 species and varieties of Narcissus including the botanical species: N. biflorus, N. conspicus, N. dub. campernelle, N. jonquilla, N. lobularis, N. maclaeyi, N. moschatus cernus, N. nanus, N. obvallaris, N. odorus regulosus, N. ornatus, N. physaloidus, N. pumilus, N. recurvus and N. tazetta. See: Plant 1990 (182);605-609 |
| Narcissus tazetta | Common daffofil | |
| Nicotiana rustica | ||
| Octopus vulgaris | Octopus | The hemolymph of Octopus vulgaris is known to contain a lactose-specific agglutinin. |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss ovum | Steelhead trout eggs | |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Steelhead trout | The lectin appears as a characteristic ladder of bands with approximately 16 kDa between consecutive bands. Upon reduction, the lectin appears as a 16-kDa band. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of the carbohydrate -recognition domain indicate that the protein has similarity with human dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR), gp120 binding C-type lectin (gp120BCL) and mammalian hepatic lectins. |
| Oncorhyncus rhodurus | Japanese trout | |
| Onobrychis viciifolia | Sainfoin | |
| Ononis spinosa | Restharrow | A similar lectin was isolated from the roots of Ononis hircina See: Biochim et Biophys Acta 1978 (539); 287-293 |
| Orchidaceae | Mannose-binding lectins were purified from the leaves of three Orchidaceae species, namely Listera ovata (twayblade), Epipactis helleborine (broad-leaved helleborine) and Cymbidium hybrid, using affinity chromatography on mannose - Sepharose-4B. Apparently, the Orchidaceae lectins are dimeric proteins composed of lectin subunits of 12-13 kDa. All of the isolated lectins exhibit exclusive specificity towards mannose. | |
| Ornithodoros moubata | Tick | |
| Oryza sativa | Rice | For characterization of lectin in rice bran, see: J Biochem (Tokyo) 1979 Nov;86(5):1451-61 For effect of physical and chemical modifications on molecular and agglutinating properties of rice lectin, See: Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1984 Apr;21(2):137-8 For reactivity of rice bran lectin for human erythrocytes, see: Yakugaku Zasshi. 1981 Jan;101(1):78-81. |
| Oscillatoria agardhii | Blue green algae | |
| Otala lactea | N. African edible snail | Expressed juice agglutinates A1 to 1:8,000, A2 to 1:2,000. Precipitates blood group A substance from hog gastric mucin. |
| Pachydereus pringleii | Cactus | |
| Pacifastacus leniusculus | Freshwater crayfish | The activity of this crayfish hemagglutinin could be inhibited by sialoglycoproteins such as porcine stomach mucin, bovine submaxillary mucin, fetuin, and ovalbumin. |
| Palmaria palmata | ||
| Paracentrotus lividus | Sea urchin | |
| Parkia biglandulosa | Indian plant | |
| Parkia discolor | ||
| Parkia platycephala | ||
| Parkia speciosa | ||
| Paxillus atrotomentosus | ||
| Paxillus panuoides | Fungus | |
| Penaeus californiensis | Brown shrimp | Both amino acid composition and N-terminal sequence are markedly similar to brown shrimp (P. californiensis) and crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) BGBP, indicating that this recognition protein is present in freshwater and marine crustaceans. |
| Penaeus stylirostris | Blue shrimp | Both amino acid composition and N-terminal sequence are markedly similar to brown shrimp (P. californiensis) and crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) BGBP, indicating that this recognition protein is present in freshwater and marine crustaceans. |
| Penaeus vannamei | White shrimp | Both amino acid composition and N-terminal sequence are markedly similar to brown shrimp (P. californiensis) and crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) BGBP, indicating that this recognition protein is present in freshwater and marine crustaceans. |
| Perca fluviatilis | Perch | |
| Peresea gratissima | ||
| Persea americana | Avocado | The agglutinin partially inhibited the mitogenesis of lymphocytes when the cells were treated with concanavalin A, or with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Persea lectin was found to be autoclave resistant. See: Appl Environ Microbiol 1981 (41) 880-888 and Adv Exp Med Biol 1978 (107); 639-647 |
| Petromyzon marinus | ||
| Petrosecinum hortense | Parsley | |
| Peziza badia | ||
| Phage p22 | ||
| Phalera flavescens | Moth | PFA interacts with the Gal beta 1-->4GlcNAc group and that nonsubstituted hydroxyl groups at the C-2 and C-4 positions of the galactose residue were essential for interaction with PFA, whereas substitution at the C-3 position of the galactose did not inhibit the interaction between PFA and sugar chains associated with N-acetyllactosamine. |
| Phallus impudicus | Stinkhorn mushroom | |
| Phallusia mamillata | Oyster | The capacity of hemocytes to form rosettes or clumps with erythrocytes demonstrated that they possess alpha-lactose specific cellular lectins on their surfaces. |
| Phaseolus acutifolius | Tepary bean | |
| Phaseolus aureus | ||
| Phaseolus coccineus | Scarlet runner bean | For characterization of lectin in Phaseolus acutifolius var. Latifolius see: Prep Biochem 1987;17(4):379-96 |
| Phaseolus coccineus | Scarlet runner bean | |
| Phaseolus limenesis | Lima bean | For isolation, characterization, and interaction with type A blood-group substance, see: Biochemistry. 1972 Oct 10;11(21):3976-84 |
| Phaseolus lunatus | Sieva (small pole) lima beans | Ustilago maydis is an edible parasitic basidiomycete, which specifically infects corn (Zea mays) and teocintle (Z. diploperennis). Lectins specific for N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, such as those from Dolichos biflorus and Phaseolus lunatus, and the wheatgerm agglutinin specific for N-acetyl-D-glucosamine inhibited spore germination, but were ineffective in modifying U. maydis cell growth. See: Cell Mol Life Sci 2000 Dec;57(13-14):1986-9 |
| Phaseolus vulgaris | Kidney bean | Phytohemagglutinin resists mild cooking in the whole bean, surviving temperatures of 70 degrees C for up to 4 hours with no loss of activity and retaining some activity even after 90 degress C for 3 hours. Beans that were presoaked overnight before cooking lost all activity after 10 minutes at 100 degrees C. But if they were boiled without this pre-soaking, some activity remained after 45 minutes. See: J Food Sci Agric 1982 (33); 1324-1326 The mitogenic potential of different cultivars of P. vulgaris vary; See: Indian J Exp Biol 1991 Feb;29(2):116-9 and Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1982 Aug;15(3):233-44. For a discussion of oligosaccharide specificities of Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinating and erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinins, see: J Biol Chem. 1987 Sep 5;262(25):12018-29. |
| Phaseolus vulgaris | Great northern bean | |
| Phaseolus vulgaris | Pinto bean | For characterization of Pinto III, see: Lect. Biol. Biochem. Clin. Biochem. 1982 (2) 743 |
| Phaseolus vulgaris | Kintoki bean | |
| Phaseolus vulgaris | Tora bean | |
| Phaseolus vulgaris | Processor bean | |
| Phaseolus vulgaris | Navy bean | Phytohemagglutinin resists mild cooking in the whole bean, surviving temperatures of 70 degrees C for up to 4 hours with no loss of activity and retaining some activity even after 90 degress C for 3 hours. Beans that were presoaked overnight before cooking lost all activity after 10 minutes at 100 degrees C. But if they were boiled without this pre-soaking, some activity remained after 45 minutes. See: J Food Sci Agric 1982 (33); 1324-1326 |
| Phaseolus vulgaris | String bean | |
| Phaseolus vulgaris | Haricot bean | Phytohemagglutinin resists mild cooking in the whole bean, surviving temperatures of 70 degrees C for up to 4 hours with no loss of activity and retaining some activity even after 90 degress C for 3 hours. Beans that were presoaked overnight before cooking lost all activity after 10 minutes at 100 degrees C. But if they were boiled without this pre-soaking, some activity remained after 45 minutes. See: J Food Sci Agric 1982 (33); 1324-1326 |
| Phlomis fructicosa | ||
| Pholiota aurivella | ||
| Pholiota squarrosa | Fungus | |
| Phoradendron californicum | ||
| Phragmites austalis | Common reed | |
| Phragmites | ||
| Physalia physalis | Portuguese man-of-war | A hemolytic protein lethal to mice has been isolated from this nematocyst venom. This protein, physalitoxin, appears to be responsible for both the venom's hemolytic and lethal activities. |
| Physalis angulata | The results showed that PA-VII and PA-VII-C strongly enhanced blastogenesis response, PA-VII-B had moderate activity, and PA-VII-A exerted only slight effect on cell proliferation. | |
| Physarum polycephalum | Plasmodia | Haemagglutinin I lacks sulphur amino acids and has a beta-sheet as the major secondary structure. Expression of the coding sequence in Escherichia coli yielded a product that exhibits the same sugar-binding specificity as natural haemagglutinin I. The deduced amino acid sequence shows little similarity to that of any known lectins and thus apparently represents a novel type of lectin. |
| Phytolacca americana | Poke weed | Five mitogens, designated Pa-1 through Pa-5 Among these mitogens, only Pa-1 was mitogenic for both murine B-cells and T-cells, and the other mitogens were T-cell mitogens. Pa-2, the strongest T-cell mitogen. Three mitogenic lectins, designated PL-A, PL-B, and PL-C, were purified from the roots of pokeweed (Phytolacca americana).Although all of three lectins have mitogenic activities, PL-B is a mitogenic lectin with the most potent hemagglutinating and mitogenic activities, and PL-C has almost no hemagglutinating activity. |
| Pimenta officinalis | Allspice | |
| Pisum sativum | Garden pea | For Pisum isolectin characterization, see: Plant Mol Biol 1994 Jan;24(1):75-81 Pea lectin is a mixture of isolectins that can be separated by ion exchange chromatography. fucose residues were shown to be an importan determinant in the tight binding of glycopeptides to pea lectin. See: J Bio Chem 1981 (256); 6633-6640 For further characterization of monoclonal antibody 6,F-8 reacting with Lathyrus, Lens and Pisum lectins, see: FEBS Lett. 1989 Apr 10;247(1):77-80. |
| Plecoglossus altivelis | Ayu fish | |
| Pleurocybella porrigens | Fungus | |
| Pleurotus ostreatus | Oyster mushroom | The mycelial lectin appeared prior to fruit body formation and disappeared during the formation of fruit bodies. The lectin was localized on the surface of solid-medium-grown mycelia, and only dikaryotic, and not monokaryotic, mycelia produced the lectin. These results suggest that the appearance of this lectin is associated with fruit body formation. The lectin exerted potent antitumor activity in mice bearing sarcoma S-180 and hepatoma H-22. Survival in these mice was prolonged and body weight increase reduced after lectin treatment. See:Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000 Sep 7;275(3):810-6 |
| Plumaria elegans | Red marine algae | |
| Polyandrocarpa misakiensis | Tunicate | The amino acid sequence of Polyandrocarpa lectin shows about 20-30% homology with those of fly, barnacle, sea urchin, and several vertebrate lectins that belong to C-type lectin (Drickamer, K. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 9557-9560). Although the physiological role of Polyandrocarpa lectin is not clear, preliminary experiments suggest that the lectin may be related to defense mechanisms because it has a strong antibacterial activity. |
| Polygonum multiformum | Solomon's seal | |
| Polyomavirus | Mouse polyomavirus | |
| Polyporus fomentarius | Bracket tree fungus | |
| Polyporus squamosus | Mushroom | |
| Polysphondylium pallidum | Slime mold | |
| Potamon potamios | Decapod crustacean | |
| Prunus Americana | Plum | |
| Prunus avium | Cherries | |
| Psathyrostachys juncea | This lectin is very similar to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). See:Planta 1983 (159); 105-111 | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Bacteria | |
| Pseudomonas aplysia | ||
| Psidium guava | Guava | |
| Psophocarpus tetragonolobus | Winged bean | The seeds of winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus(L.)DC, contain two distinct groups of lectins characterized by different erythrocyte hemagglutinating specificities and isoelectric points. |
| Ptilota serrata | Red marine algae | |
| Punica granatum | Pomegranite | |
| Rana catesbeiana ovum lectin | Frog eggs | Lectin isolated from Rana catesbeiana eggs preferentially agglutinates a large variety of human and animal tumor cells but not normal red blood cells, lymphocytes, or fibroblasts. The phenomenon correlates with a higher binding activity of the lectin with tumor cells. The lectin-dependent tumor cell agglutination is due to a high density of sialic acid at the cell surface |
| Rana catesbeiana | Frog lectin | |
| Rana japonica | Frog lectin | |
| Rana nigromaculata | Frog | |
| Raphanus sativus | Radish | |
| Ratus norvegicus | Rat | For characterization of selectin-like mutant, see: Biochemistry, 36, 979-988, 1997 |
| Ratus ratus | Rat | Rat peritoneal macrophages were shown to have two distinct mannose/fucose/N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectins. The 29 and 32 kDa lectins were identified as members of the liver mannan-binding protein family on the basis of their immunochemical crossreactivity, collagenase sensitivity, and molecular sizes. |
| Ratus ratus | RatLiver | The specificity of this lectin resembles that of the previously reported Man/GlcNAc-specific receptor activity present on the surface of hepatic reticuloendothelial cells when tested with simple sugars, but can be distinguished from the latter by utilizing characterized glycopeptides and glycoproteins. |
| Ratus ratus | Rat | The rat galectin-2 was predominantly expressed in the epithelial cells of stomach. Thus this protein may form a mucin layer cross-linking with the beta-galactoside moiety of glycoproteins. |
| Ratus ratus | Rat | Recent findings suggest that colorectal galectin 4 may be involved in crosslinking the lateral cell membranes of the surface-lining epithelial cells, thereby reinforcing epithelial integrity against mechanical stress exerted by the bowel lumen. |
| Rheum rhapontium | Rhubarb | |
| Ribes rubrum | Currants | |
| Ricinus communis | Ricinus communis, castor bean | For characterization of ricin gene see: Nucleic Acids Res 1985 Nov 25;13(22):8019-33 |
| Robinia pseudoacacia | Black locust | Both lectins exerted a mitogenic effect on human peripheral-blood lymphocytes. |
| Rubus fructicosus | Blackberry | The Rubus lectin is a membrane-bound protein. |
| Rubus idaeus | Raspberries | |
| Rutilus rutilus | Roach | |
| Salmo gairdneri | Rainbow trout | |
| Salmo salar v. Atlantica | Atlantic salmon | Binding experiments using biotinylated lectin revealed that it specifically recognizes and binds to mannose on the surfaces of two salmon pathogens, Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida, implying an immunological role for this lectin in Atlantic salmon. |
| Salmo salar v. Chinook | Chinook salmon | |
| Salmo trutta | Brown trout | 20% of normal serum samples from adult brown trout (Salmo trutta) possess an agglutinin for human erythrocytes with anti-blood-group A specificity. This agglutinin has properties which clearly distinguish it from the agglutinin with anti-(B+'P') specificity found in ova from fish of the same species and from anti-blood A antibodies found in human serum. |
| Salmo trutta | Brown trout | |
| Salvia horminium | Salvia | |
| Salvia lyrata | Salvia lyrata | |
| Salvia sclarea | Fetid clary sage | Tn is a specific marker of many human carcinomas. |
| Sambucus canadensis | Canadian elderberry | SCA is serologically related to SNA-I |
| Sambucus ebulus | Dwarf elder | |
| Sambucus nigra | Elderberry | For characterization of SNA-II, see: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1990 Mar;277(2):255-62. For characterization of SNA-L, see: Folia Haematol Int Mag Klin Morphol Blutforsch 1980;107(2):299-304 |
| Sambucus racemosa | Red-berried elder | |
| Saraca indica | Asoka tree | |
| Sarcocystis spp. | Protozoa | Sarcocystis Muris Cyst Lectin (SML); Sarcocystis Gigantea Lectin (SGL) is present in high concentration in cystozoites, cyst fluid and cyst wall material. |
| Sarcophaga peregrina | Flesh Fly | For identification and characterization of Sarcophaga lectin receptor on the surface of murine macrophages, see: J Biochem (Tokyo) 1988 Mar;103(3):402-7 |
| Sarothamnus scoparius | ||
| Sarothamnus welwitschii | Broom | |
| Sauromatum guttatum | Lectin is similar to that found in Arum maculatum, Alocasia indica, Sauromatum guttatum and Gonatanthus pumilus. See: Phytochemistry 1995 (40): 449-493 | |
| Saxidomus purpuratus | Shellfish | The two lectins (SPA-I and -III) differed slightly in amino acid composition and were glycoproteins containing 2.1 and 3.8 mol of GlcNAc per 40,000 g of the lectin, respectively. |
| Schizosaccharomyces pombe | ||
| Scilla campanulata | Bluebell | |
| Sclerotinia minor | ||
| Sclerotinia miyabaena | ||
| Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | ||
| Sclerotinia trifoliorum | ||
| Sclerotium rolfsii | Plant fungus | |
| Secale cereale | Rye | The rye lectin is very closely related to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). See: Biochem J 1982 Apr 1;203(1):239-43 Similar lectins have been found in S. kupriianivii, S. montanum, S. silvestre and S. vavilovii. See: Planta 1983 (159);105-111 |
| Sechium edule | Chayote (squash) | A new ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP), the N-terminal amino acid sequence of sechiumin is very similar to that of trichosanthin. |
| Selenocosmia huwena | ||
| Sesanum idicum | Sesame seeds | |
| Silurus asotus ovum lectin | Catfish roe | |
| Sinularia lochmodes | Coral | SLL-2 agglutinated rabbit and horse erythrocytes while SLL-1, a minor component, reacted only with rabbit erythrocytes. |
| Smilax glabra | A heterodimeric agglutinin with a molecular mass of 32 kDa, and comprised of a 15 and a 17 kDa-subunit, was isolated from Smilax glabra rhizomes. The isolation protocol entailed ion exchange chromatography on CM-Sepharose, DEAE-cellulose and Resource Q and gel filtration on Superose 12. | |
| Soja hispida | ||
| Solanum tuberosum | Potato | The respective antifungal properties of lectin and chitinases were studied by following their effects against early developmental stages of Fusarium oxysporum, a fungal potato pathogen. See: C R Acad Sci III 1993 Aug;316(8):788-92 The lectin content in the tubers varies considerable according to the variety. STA shares some sequence similarities with the extensin family, hevein lectin family and snake venon disintegrins (platelet aggregation inhibitors) Plant J. 1994 (5); 849-861 |
| Sophora japonica | Pagoda tree | |
| Sphenostylis stenocarpa | African yam bean | Inhibition of development of C. maculatus was observed when larvae were fed on artificial cowpea seeds containing 0.2%, 2.0% and 5.0% (wt/wt) of dietary lectin. See: Phytochemistry 2000 Mar;53(6):667-74 |
| Spodoptera exigua | The agglutinin may be involved in the immune response of the insect e.g., by opsonization of microbial (fungal) surfaces which render the invading cells more susceptible to phagocytosis or agglutination. | |
| Staphylococcus aureus | ||
| Stenocereus thurberu | Cactus | |
| Sternbergia lutea | ||
| Stichopus japonicus | Sea cucumber | |
| Tachypleus gigas | Southeast asian horseshoe crab | |
| Tachypleus tridentatu | Japanese horseshoe crab | |
| Telescopium telescopium | ||
| Telfairia occidentalis | Fluted pumpkin | |
| Tetracarpidium conophorum | Nigerian walnut | |
| Tetragonolobus pupurea | ||
| Thermopsis | ||
| Toxopneustes pileolu | A lectin with biological activities such as mitogenic and chemotactic activities has been found in the venom of the pedicellariae (spines) of the sea urchin Toxopneustes pileolus, suggesting its involvement in toxic action. | |
| Trichoderma | Mycoparasitic fungus | |
| Tricholoma mongolicum | Edible mushroom | |
| Tricholomataceae 93-138 | ||
| Tricholomataceae 93-34 | ||
| Trichosanthes anguina | Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography of Trichosanthes anguina seed extract and subsequent elution with galactose resulted in the isolation of an apparently single lectin with molecular weight of 45,000 +/- 700. However, major amount of the hemagglutinating activity was recovered as unadsorbed protein fraction. High affinity matrix Lactamyl Seralose could retain most of the galactose specific lectin activity from fraction 'A' which was eluted with lactose. It is evident from PAGE and SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified protein that T. anguina seeds contains a mixture of isolectins ranging in molecular weight from 30,000 to 50,000 +/- 1300. Periodic Acid Schiff's staining of the gels revealed this lectin complex to be a combination of glycosylated and non-glycosylated lectins. Two Isolectins SLc and IEL from within this complex have been isolated by affinity and ion exchange chromatography respectively. Apparent homology of these two lectins is indicated by their identical molecular weight (45 kDa), sub unit composition, non glycoprotein nature and immunological identity. However, these two lectins show minor differences in their biological and physicochemical properties. The peptide maps of the two lectins obtained after digestion with Trypsin and Pronase E also indicate minor changes in the primary structure. | |
| Trichosanthes japonica | Serpent cucumber | A series of oligosaccharides possessing Fuc alpha 1-->2Gal beta 1--> or GalNAc beta 1--> groups at their nonreducing terminals showed stronger binding ability than ones with Gal beta 1-->GlcNAc (Glc) groups. For partial characterization of a lectin from the seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maximowicz, see: FEBS Lett 1989 Mar 27;246(1-2):159-62 For characterization of lectin from Trichosanthes kirilowii root tubers, see: Int J Pept Protein Res 1986 Feb;27(2):208-20 |
| Trifolium repens | White clover | |
| Triticum aestivium | Wheat germ | Most people carry natural antibodies to WGA, although they do not interfere with its agglutinating properties. See: FEBS Lett 1996 Nov 18;397(2-3):139-42 Lipsomal preparations of WGA have potential as oral vaccine carriers. |
| Tulipa gesneriana | Tulip | TGA specifically agglutinates the yeast cells of the Saccharomyces genus |
| Udotea petiolata | Algae | The Udotea lectin displays a strong mitogenic effect on human lymphocytes, especially T-cells. |
| Ulex europaeus | Gorse seed | Lipsomal preparations ofUEA have potential as oral vaccine carriers. In mice 10.5% of the total dose of WGA liposomes were taken up from the gastrointestinal tract. See: Pharm Res 1996 Sep;13(9):1378-83 |
| Ulva lactuca | Marine algae | |
| Ulva laetevirens | Marine algae | |
| Ulva rigida | ||
| Urtica dioica | Stinging nettle root | UDA can be a valuable tool for the anlysis of themechanisms involved in T-cell activation and proliferation. See: Res. Immunol. 1995 (146); 249-262 UDA exhibits antifungal properties. It inhibits growth of phytopathogenic and saprophytic chitin-cotnaining fungi ( Botyrus cinerea, Trichderma viride, T. hamatum, Phycoimyces blaksleeanus, Phoma betae, Collectotrichum lindemuthianum and Septoria nodorum). The antifungal activity of UDA differs from that of chitinases. Moreover, UDA acts synergistically with chitinase in inhibiting fungal growth. See: Science 1989 (245); 1100-1102 UDA shows antiviral activity, inhibiting HIV-1, HIV-2, CMV-, RSV- and influenza A virus induced cytpathology at a 50% effective concentration ranging from 0.3 to 9 µm/ml. See: Antiviral Res. 1992 (18); 191-207 Purified UDA is a very stable protein. It is not denatured by acid and withstands heating at 80ş C for 15 minutes, and even heating in a boiling water bath for 15 minutes; 50& of the initial agglutination activity is retained. See: FEBS Letters 1984 (177) 99-103 |
| Vaejovis confuscius | Scorpion | |
| Vatairea macrocarpa | Legume | A glycoprotein without erythrocyte specificity, displays specificity to galactose and some derivatives. |
| Vibrio alginolyticus | Found on the copepod Tigriopus fulvus | |
| Vibrio chlolera | Vibrio parahemolytica | |
| Vicia cracca | ||
| Vicia ervilia | ||
| Vicia faba | Fava bean, broad bean | The lectin behaves as a 'cold agglutinin' displaying stronger agglutination than the naturally occurring ABO agglutinin in the cold. For discussion of characteristics of Favin, see: J Biol Chem 1979 Jul 25;254(14):6803-10 |
| Vicia graminea | Vetch | |
| Vicia hyrcanica | ||
| Vicia sativa | Tare vetch | |
| Vicia unijuga | Lectin derived from the leaves posesses anti blood group N activity (Int J Biochem 1990;22(1):43-52) | |
| Vicia villosa | Hairy vetch | |
| Vigna radiata | Mung bean | |
| Vigna unguiculata | Black eyed peas | |
| Viscum album | Mistletoe | For characterization of Iscador, a mistletoe preparation with alleged cancerostatic properties, see: Oncology 1988;45(3):172-9 Apparently, viscumin consists of two chains which, in some of the molecules, are disulfide-linked. The A chain was found to inhibit protein synthesis by inactivating the ribosomes catalytically. See: J Biol Chem 1982 Nov 25;257(22):13263-70 |
| Vitis vinifera | Chardonnay grape berries | |
| Volvariella volvacea | Straw mushroom | The lectin has a moderate inhibitory effect on the growth of tumor cells. |
| Wistaria floribunda | Extracts of Wistaria floribunda seeds contain separable erythroagglutinating and lymphocyte mitogenic activities. See: Biochemistry 1979 May 1;18(9):1646-50 | |
| Wistaria floribunda | Japanese wisteria | |
| Wistaria sinensis | Chinese wisteria | |
| Wistaris brachbotrys | ||
| Xanthosoma sagittifolium | Taro, cocoyam, malanga | |
| Xenopus laevis ovum | South African toad | |
| Xeromus chrysenteron | ||
| Xylaria polymorpha | Mushroom | |
| Zea mays | Corn | The lectin in Zea mays found in prepared food (canned maize)m was found to be autoclave resistant. See: Appl Environ Microbiol 1981 (41) 880-888 |
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